1.
Definition and Elements of Research Design
·
Research design involves the determination of when to collect data in relation to
treatment or the variable presumed to have an effect on other variables, the
sources of data to employ, the techniques of data collection & controls to
use, the tools to use and their design, and how the data will be processed and
analyzed.
2.
Internal and External Validity
2.1.
Internal Validity: refers to whether the “treatment” actually produced specific effects
attributed to it
2.2.
External Validity: refers to generalizability of findings on the presumed effects of the
treatment. It asks what populations, settings, treatment, variables, and
measurement variables the effects of a treatment or stimulus can be
generalized.
3.
Meaning of symbols
a)
X
= represents the exposure of a group to an experimental variable event (the
effects of which are to be measured)
b)
O
= refers to some process of observation or measurement
c)
R
= indicates random assignment to separate treatment groups. Note that
randomization is conceived to be a process occurring time and is the all-purpose
procedure for achieving pretreatment equality of groups within known
statistical limits
d)
M
= materials
e)
Xs
and Os in a given row are applied to the same specific persons
f)
Left
to right indicates temporal order
g)
Xs
and Os vertical to one another are simultaneous
Parallel rows not separated by dashes represent
comparison groups not equated by random assignment
Prof. Art Boquiren Dec 03 based on Campbell &
Stanley 1966:5-6