1.
Among the participatory approaches to research that have emerged in
recent years are as follows:
1.1.
Conscientizing
Research
1.2.
Participatory
Research
1.3.
Participatory
Action and Conscientizing Research
1.4.
Participatory
Action Research
2.
According to Hollnsteiner, there are 6 modes of people’s
participation:
2.1.
“Solid-citizen” educated groups appointed by
outside authorities
2.2.
Appointed
local leaders in government bureaucracy
2.3.
Planners
in ex post facto consultation with peoples groups
2.4.
Planners
in consultation with people’s group from the beginning of plan formulation
2.5.
People
have one or two minority representatives on a decision-making board
2.6.
People
have the majority representation on a decision-making board
3. Principles of the
Early Versions of Conscientizing Research (ala Paolo Freire of the 70s)
3.1.
It
is a social process: people isolated by oppression can only overcome that
oppression together. They must start from their social reality because it is
that situation that they will have to act from.
3.2.
It
involves problem-posing: conscientization is the process of challenging commonly accepted ideas by
posing more and more questions that dig beneath conventional explanations of
reality and of raising and analyzing contradictions.
3.3.
It
is a dialogue: problem posing is accomplished through dialogue because the task
of piecing together the complex nature of a given situation can only be
accomplished through discussion, debate, and questioning of those who share the
experiences.
3.4.
It
is tension/conflict: conscientization does not assume a happy ending, nor
necessarily a peaceful solution. It is hoped that the tension will lead to an
ability to challenge existing conditions.
from a handout of Dr. Rowena Boquiren 2004 but slightly modified by A.
Boquiren