Week 15
Agriculture & Civilization

Agriculture and Domestication
	Mesolithic & Neolithic
		Mesolithic 11,000 to 8,000 in Europe
			The demise of big-game hunting
			Greater sedentism & the invention of the bow and arrow
			Climate warming- interglacial or end of Ice Age
		Neolithic associated w/ rise of domestication
			begins around 12,000 years ago in Mid-East, bit later other parts of 
			   world
			ground-stone tools
			ceramics
			very first domesticates are dogs
			first cultivated plants are types of grains
	Origins & Areas
		Theories
			Opportunity theories;  Oasis, Sedentary, Readiness, Demographic 
			Happenstance theories; Dump Heap, Coevolution
			Need theories;	Marginal Habitat, Population growth
		Major Areas
			Old World
				Middle East
					Natufian- sedentary gatherers
					Wheat & Barley, Lentil & Peas
					Sheep & Goats
				East Asia
					Rice & Millet
					Pigs & Chickens
				Africa
					Egypt 1st, independently in W. Africa
					Sorghum & Millet
					Oil Plam & Yams
				Europe & Central Asia
					Horse & Cattle
			New World
				North & Central America
					Squash, Maize, Peppers
					Sunflower
				South America
					Beans, Cotton, Potatoes
					Llamas & Alpacas
	Processes
		Domestication
			Artificial Selection
				Reliable food supply
				Ease of harvest/ herding
				Specific traits
			Markers
				Seeds- larger, thinner coat, larger clusters, difficult to
				   detatch
				Animals- size & shape changes, thinner bones; population 
				    differences
				Geographic distibution- found in new areas; works quicker
				    east-west than north-south
		Results
			Formation of farming villages
			Population growth
			Often lessened health- less varied diet
Civilization & States
	Begins about 6,000 years ago
	Attributes
		Food and labor surplusses controlled by an elite
		Social Stratification
		Formalized government
		Specialization of labor
		Monumental architecture
		Densely populated settlements- towns to cities
		A system of record keeping
	Origins & Areas
		Theories
			Deterministic;  Racial, Environmental, Unilinear Evolution
			Conflict;  Marxist (internal), Circumstriction (external)
			Integrative; Hydraulic, Social integration
		Areas
			The Fertile Crescent- 6,000
				Jericho
				Mesopotamia
				Egypt
			Indus Valley- 6,000
			China- 4,000
				Shang
			Mesoamerica- 3,000
				Olmecs
				Maya
				Aztecs
			South America- 3,000
				Inca
			Secondary
				S. Europe (4,000)- Minoan, Mycenaean
				Africa (3,500)-  Meroe & Axum, Jenne-jeno, Zimbabwe
				N. America (2,000)- Cahokia, Anasazi
				SE Asia (1,000)- Kampuchea
	Processes
		Technological advances
			Metalworking; Copper, Bronze, then Iron (Thompsen's Three Age 
			    system; Stone,  Bronze, Iron)
			Architcture
			Irrigation
		Diffusion vs. Invention
		Rise of Religion