Introduction
1. cran: helmet. cranial: pertaining to the skull.
2. dors: back. dorsal: toward the back (tail).
3. homeo: same. homeostasis: maintenance of stable internal environment.
4. physio: function. physiology: study of body functions.
5. meta: change. metabolism: chemical changes that occur within the body.
6. pariet: wall. parietal: lining wall of a cavity.
7. peri: around. pericardial: around the heart.
8. pleur: rib. pleural: dealing with the lungs.
9. stasis: standing still. homeostasis: maintenance of stable internal environment.
10. tomy: cutting. anatomy: study of structure.
Tissues
1. adip: fat. adipose: fat-storing tissue.
2. chondr: cartilage. chondrocyte: cartilage cell.
3. squam: scale. squamous: scaly tissue.
4. strat: layer. stratified: in layers.
5. pseudo: false. pseudostratified: appears to be stratified.
6. glia: glue. neuroglia cells: supporting cells of neurons.
7. reticul: network. reticular fibers: network of highly branched fibers.
8. con: together. connective tissue: tissue that provides support, fills spaces.
9. are: open space. areolar tissue: tissue that binds skin to underlying organs.
10. fibr: fibers. fibroblasts: cells that produce fibers.
Integumentary System
1. cut: skin. subcutaneous: layer beneath skin.
2. carcin: cancer. carcinoma: cancerous tumor
3. cyan: blue. cyanosis: condition in which skin has a bluish tint.
4. osis: condition of. cyanosis: condition in which skin has a bluish tint.
5. oma: tumor. melanoma: skin cancer.
6. follic: small bag. follicle: tubelike sac in which hair develops.
7. kerat: horn. keratin: protein produced as epidermal cells die.
8. seb: oil. sebaceous gland: oil producing gland.
9. sub: below. subcutaneous: layer below skin.
10. melan: black. melanin: dark pigment skin cells.
Bones
1. acetabul: cup. acetabulum: depression in pelvis receiving femur head.
2. ax: axis. axial skeleton: upright portion of skeleton.
3. append: to hang. appendicular skeleton: skeleton of the appendages.
4. blast: producing. osteoblast: cell that produces bone.
5. carp: wrist. carpals: wrist bones.
6. clast: break down. osteoclast: cell that breaks down bone.
7. condyl: knob. condyle: rounded, bony process.
8. osteo: having to do with bone. osteocyte: bone cells.
9. glen: joint socket. glenoid cavity: depression in scapula that receives head of humerus.
10. fov: pit. fovea capitis: pit in head of femur.
Bones
1. hema: blood. hematopoiesis: production of blood cells.
2. inter: between. intervertebral disk: structure located between adjacent vertebrae.
3. intra: inside. intramembranous ossification: bone that forms within sheets of connective tissue.
4. meat: passage. meatus: canal in a bone.
5. odont: tooth. odontoid process: toothlike process of axis.
6. poie: making. hematopoiesis: production of blood cells.
7. os: bone. ossification: the process of turning to bone.
8. skelet: dried body. skeleton: bony framework.
9. foram: opening. obturator foramen: largest foramen in body.
10. cribr: sievelike. cribriform plate: portion of ethmoid bone with small openings.
Bones
1. magn: large. foramen magnum: large opening in the skull.
2. mandibul: jaw. mandible: jawbone.
3. maxill: jawbone. maxilla: upper jaw.
4. menisci: crescent. meniscus: fibrocartilage in the knee.
5 pect: forearm. pectoral girdle: joins forearm to axial skeleton.
6. pelv: pelvis. pelvic girdle: joins leg to axial skeleton.
7. sinu: hollow. sinus: hollow cavity.
8. stern: breast bone. sternum: breast bone
9. tend: stretch. tendon: attaches muscle to bone
10. lig: tie. ligament: attaches bones to bones.
Muscles
1. syn: together. synovial: freely moving joint.
2. arthr: joint. arthritis: inflammation of joints.
3. amphi: both. amphiarthrosis: cartilaginous joint.
4. ad: toward. adduct: to move toward the midline.
5. ab: away from. abduct: to move away from the midline.
6. myo: muscle. myofibril: muscle fiber.
7. fibr: fiber. myofibril: muscle fiber.
8. sarc: flesh. sarcolemma: cell membrane of muscle cell.
9. lemma: sheath. sarcolemma: cell membrane of muscle cell.
10. mer: part of. sarcomere: functional unit of a muscle.
Muscles
1. circum: surround. circumduction: to move in a circle.
2. cleid: clavicle. sternocleidomastoid: neck muscle.
3. dys: bad. dystrophy: deterioration of muscles.
4. erg: work. synergist: muscle that works with prime mover.
5. hyper: above. hyperextend: extend beyond normal range.
6. troph: food. atrophy: muscle deterioration.
7. brachi: arm. brachial: having to do with arm.
8. rectus: straight. rectus abdominis: straight stomach muscle.
9. oculo: eye. orbicularis oculi: sphincter muscle surrounding eye.
10. sphincter: circular. external anal sphincter: closes anal canal.
Nervous System
1. dendr: tree. dendrite: tree like extensions of an axon that carry impulse to the cell body.
2. gangli: knot. ganglion: mass of nerve cells.
3. refl: bend back. reflex: autonomic, involuntary response.
4. mening: membrane. meninges: membrane that covers the spinal cord and brain.
5. axo: axis. axon: extension of a neuron that carries impulse away from the cell body.
6. cereb: brain. cerebrum: largest portion of the brain.
7. medull: marrow. medulla oblongata: lowest portion of the brain stem.
8. spin: spine. spinal cord: column of nervous tissue encased in the vertebral column.
9. neuro: nerve. neuron: nerve cell.
10. myelo: spinal cord. myelin sheath: covering of some axons that improves impulse conduction.
Senses
1. retin: net. retina: innermost layer of the eye.
2. rhodo: red. rhodopsin: light absorbing pigment.
3. scler: hard. sclera: outer white portion of eye.
4. tympan: drum. tympanic membrane: ear drum.
5. choroid: membrane. choroid: pigmented layer of eyeball.
6. cochl: spiral. cochlea: spiral shaped structure in ear.
7. olfact: smell. olfactory: having to do with smell.
8. opti: eye. optic: having to do with the eye.
9. lacri: tears. lacrimal gland: tear producing glands
10. vitre: glass. vitreous humor: jellylike substance filling posterior cavity of the eye.
Endocrine System
1. diuret: urine. antidiuretic hormone: prevents excess water in urine.
2. toc: birth. oxytocin: stimulates contractions of uterus and ejection of milk from breasts.
3. endo: within. endocrine gland: ductless gland.
4. exo: outside. exocrine gland: gland with ducts.
5. crine: separate. endocrine gland: ductless gland.
6. horm: excite. hormone: chemical messenger.
7. insul: island. insulin: hormone produced by pancreas to control blood sugar.
8. tropic: influencing. adrenocorticotropic hormone: stimulates adrenal cortex.
9. hyper: above. hyperthyroidism: overactive production of thyroid hormone.
10. hypo: below. hypothyroidism: underactive production of thyroid hormone.
Blood and Circulation
1. erythr: red. erythrocyte: red blood cell.
2. leuk: white. leukocyte: white blood cell.
3. thromb: clot. thrombocytes: platelets.
4. embol: stopper. embolus: blood clot that forms in the blood vessel.
5. agglutin: glue. agglutination: clumping together of blood cells.
6. ven: vein. vena cava: largest vein in the body.
7. cav: hollow. vena cava: largest vein in the body.
8. systol: contraction. systole: period when ventricles contract.
9. diastol: standing apart. diastole: period when ventricles relax.
10. cardi: heart. cardiac: referring to the heart.
Lymphatic System
1. anti: against. antibody: protein that attacks foreign antigens.
2. lymph: water. lymph: fluid in lymphatic vessels.
3. immun: safe. immunity: resistance to specific disease.
4. flamm: burn. inflammatory response: tissue response to injury.
5. vaccin: of a cow. vaccine: gives immunity without causing disease.
6. humor: fluid. humoral immunity: immunity due to antibodies.
7. nod: knot. nodule: small mass of lymphocytes and connective tissue.
8. patho: disease. pathogen: disease causing organism.
9. plate: flat. platelet: cell fragments used in blood clotting.
10. capill: hair. capillary: functional unit of circulatory system. smallest blood vessels.
Respiratory System
1. alve: cavity. alveoli: small sacs in the lungs; functional unit of the respiratory system.
2. bronch: windpipe. bronchi: branch of the trachea leading to the lungs.
3. dia: separate. diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
4. phragm: partition. diaphragm: muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
5. epi: upon. epiglottis: small flap of tissue covering the glottis during swallowing.
6. glotti: tongue. glottis: opening in the larynx.
7. laryn: gullet. larynx: cartilaginous box containing vocal cords.
8. pharyn: throat. pharynx: passageway at the back of the mouth.
9. trache: windpipe. trachea: windpipe.
10. pneum: breathing. pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs.
Digestive System
1. eso: within. esophagus: muscular tube for moving swallowed food from the pharynx to the stomach.
2. lac: milk. lacteal: lymphatic vessel in small intestine.
3. peristal: contraction. peristalsis: rhythmic, wavelike contractions of the digestive tract.
4. vill: shaggy. villus: small fingerlike projection of inner small intestinal wall.
5. vita: life. vitamin: essential organic compound used in coenzymes.
6. aliment: food. alimentary canal: digestive tract.
7. decidu: falling off. deciduous teeth: teeth that are replaced during childhood.
8. lingu: tongue. lingual: referring to the tongue.
9. dent: tooth. dentin: bonelike substance that forms the bulk of a tooth.
10. pylor: gatekeeper. pyloric sphincter: circular muscle found at junction of stomach and small intestine.
Digestive System
1. hepat: liver. hepatic: referring to the liver.
2. chym: juice. chyme: mixture of food and digestive juices in the stomach.
3. gastr: stomach. gastric: referring to the stomach.
4. proct: rectum. proctology: study of disorders of the rectum.
5. bili: bile. bilirubin: orange bile pigment.
6. cusp: point. cuspid: pointed tooth.
7. gingiv: tongue. gingivitis: gum disease.
8. fauc: throat. fauces: opening of the mouth.
9. cecum: blind pouch. cecum: blind-ended pouch at end of colon.
10. duoden: twelve. duodenum: first portion of small intestine
Urinary System
1. osmo: water. osmoregulation: regulation of water balance in the body.
2. diure: urinate. antidiuretic hormone: hormone that decreases urine output.
3. calyc: small cup. calyces: cuplike divisions of the renal pelvis.
4. mict: to pass urine. micturition: process of expelling urine from the bladder.
5. proxim: nearest. proximal: near to.
6. nephr: kidney. nephron: functional unit of the kidneys.
7. ure: urine. urea: soluble nitrogen waste produced by mammals.
8. glomer: ball. glomerulus: capillary network at beginning of nephron.
9. rena: kidney. renal: having to do with the kidneys.
10. trigon: triangular. trigone: triangular area on the internal floor of the bladder.
Reproductive System
1. corpusc: little body. corpus luteum: small yellowish body; remains after egg has erupted from follicle.
2. metri: uterus. endometrium: vascular uterine lining.
3. lut: yellow. corpus luteum: small yellowish body; remains after egg has erupted from follicle.
4. gon: seed. gonad: reproductive organ.
5. menstru: monthly. menstruation: monthly shedding of endometrium.
6. ovi: egg. oviduct: tube leading from ovary to uterus.
7. duct: lead. oviduct: tube leading from ovary to uterus.
8. uter: womb. uterus: muscular organ that receives fertilized egg.
9. vagin: sheath. vagina: tube leading to uterus; serves as birth canal.
10. semen: sperm. seminiferous tubule: tube in testes that produces sperm.