I. Introduction
Anatomy: branch of science of dealing with structure.
Physiology: branch of science dealing with functions.
A. Characteristics of life
1. movement: self-initiated change; movement of internal parts
2. responsiveness: ability to sense changes inside or outside and to react
3. growth: producing new materials faster than old ones wear out
4. reproduction: making new individual or new cells
5. respiration: process of obtaining oxygen, using it, removing gaseous wastes
6. digestion: chemically changing food products into simpler forms
7. absorption: passage of substances through membranes
8. circulation: movement of substances
9. assimilation: changing absorbed substances
10. excretion: removal of wastes
B. Needs of organisms
1. water: used in metabolic processes, transport, temperature regulation
2. food: provides other necessary chemicals for energy building new material, regulating chemical reactions
3. oxygen: used in process of releasing energy from food substances for metabolic processes
4. heat: form of energy. product of metabolism
5. pressure: application of force. atmospheric pressure: weight of air on body. important in breathing. hydrostatic pressure: pressure exerted by liquid. blood pressure is one form, forces blood through vessels.
C. Homeostasis: tendency to maintain stable internal environment. ex: maintaining body temperature, regulation of blood pressure.
D. Levels of organization: atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
II. Chemistry
A. Chemical reactions
1. Synthesis: two or more molecules react to form one larger molecule.
2. Decomposition: bonds of large molecule break so that two or more smaller molecules result.
3. Exchange reactions: 2 different kinds of molecules trade positions.
4. Reversible reactions: end products of reaction can change back to original reactants.
B. Catalyst: molecules that can change rate of reaction without themselves being consumed by the reaction.
C. Acids and Bases
1. electrolytes: substances that release ions (charged particles) in water.
2. acids: release H+
3. bases: release OH- (combine with H+)
4. pH: measures concentrate of H+ ions
1 (acidic) 7 (neutral) 14 (basic)
D. Inorganic substances: usually dissolve in water and release ions, therefore, serve as electrolytes.
1. water: 2/3 weight of adult. major component of blood, body fluids, cells. most metabolic reactions occur in water. transports chemicals. absorbs, transfers heat.
2. oxygen: enter through respiratory organs. transported by rbc's. used to release energy from glucose. released energy drives metabolic activities.
3. carbon dioxide: waste product when energy released by metabolic processes; given off into air within lungs.
4. inorganic salts: source of ions. (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, PO4-3, CO3-2, HCO3-, SO4-2) used in metabolic processes, such as transport of substances into and out of cells, contraction of muscles, conduction of nerve impulses.
E. Organic substances
1. Carbohydrates: provide energy for cells, used to build cell structures, function on cell surfaces. contain H, C, O. building blocks: monosaccharides.
2. Lipids: insoluble in water. fats, phospholipids, steroids. fats: build cell parts, supply energy. composed of C,H,O; smaller proportions of O. made of fatty acids and glycerol. saturated: no double bonds. unsaturated: contain double bonds.
3. Proteins: structural materials, energy sources, hormones, receptors on cell surfaces, antibodies, enzymes (serve as catalysts). C, H, O, N. building blocks: amino acids (20).
4. Nucleic acids: control cellular activities. C, H, O, N, P. building blocks: nucleotides.
III. Body cavities
A. Dorsal cavity
1. cranial cavity: skull housing brain
2. spinal cavity: spinal cord surrounded by vertebrae
B. Ventral cavity: walls consist of skin, skeletal muscle, bones. divided by diaphragm
1. thoracic cavity: lungs
2. abdominopelvic cavity
a. abdominal cavity: stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small and large intestinesb. pelvic cavity: terminal portion of large intestine; urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
C. Head cavities
1. oral cavity: tooth and tongue
2. nasal cavity: within nose, divided by septum; connected to paranasal sinuses
3. orbital cavity: eyes, with muscles, nerves
4. middle ear cavities: middle ear bones
IV. Linings
A. Parietal pleura line right and left thoracic compartments. lungs covered by visceral pleura. separated by thin film of watery fluid filling pleural cavity.
B. Mediastinum separates thoracic cavity into two compartments containing lungs. heart in broadest part of mediastinum, covered by pericardial space.
C. Peritoneal membranes line abdominopelvic cavity. parietal peritoneum lines wall; visceral peritoneum covers organs. peritoneal cavity found between linings.
V. Organ Systems
A. Integumentary system: body covering. skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands. for protection, body temperature regulation
B. Skeletal system: support and movement. bones, ligaments, cartilage. serves as framework, attachment for muscles.
C. Muscular system: support and movement. maintain posture, source of body heat.
D. Nervous system: integration and coordination. brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs.
E. Endocrine system: integration and coordination. glands that secrete hormones. pituitary thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus gland.
F. Digestive system: processing and transport. receive foods, convert into simpler ones. mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine.
G. Respiratory system: processing and transporting. intake and output of air; exchange of gasses. nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
H. Circulatory system: processing and transporting. blood moves through vessels transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes. heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood.
I. Lymphatic system: processing and transporting. transports tissue fluid from tissues back to bloodstream, carries fatty substances away from digestive organs. defend against infection. lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus gland, spleen
J. Urinary system: processing and transporting. removes wastes from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
K. Reproductive system: production of whole, new organism
1. male: produce and maintain male sex cells, transfer from site of origin to female reproductive tract. scrotum, testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, penis, urethra.
2. female: produce and maintain female sex cells, receive male sex cells, transport male and female sex cells within female system. provides for support and development of embryos; functions in birth process. ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
VI. Body sections
A. Sagittal: lengthwise cut; divides body into right and left portions (midsagittal: divides into equal let and right halves)
B. Transverse: divides body into superior and inferior portions
C. Frontal: divides body into anterior and posterior portions