The given below research on trivia about elections, especially for the Indian parliament, Lower House [Lok Sabha], was conducted by Nitin Thakoor, Pooja Desai, Bhairavi Agnani, Sumita Chakraborty, Prachee Pathak and Juzer Mohammed Husain in the year 1995. The research information stands corrected uptill 1995 and thereafter there was no addition to this research.
Information from this data was used by the Bombay based tabloid, “Mid-day”, during its pre-election coverage of the 1999 Lok Sabha [Indian parliament’s Lower house] election coverage. Which was later reprinted by the “News Digest” quoting “Mid-day” as its source.
PLEASE NOTE : The source to the given information is held by the above six named persons. The final portion of this research, which comes under the head of “Articles and explanations” and “Foreign Parliaments” was conducted by Juzer Mohammed Husain only.
Any one who intends to buy the source code, or would like to make corrections, or, submit suggestions, or any other remarks towards, the following information, can get back to Juzer Mohammed Husain on [email protected]
The current page is not designed properly and will be better presented in future. Till such time I request you to please bear with me. Insha Allah [Arabic - With the Almighty Lord willing] the data will be useful to all those who have visited this page.
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1.SALARIES of MPs
1954 : 300 pm + 20 perday allowance
1995 : 5500 pm
1500 salary
3000 constituency allowance
1000 office expenditure
2. FACILITIES
1995 Air tickets from place of residence to Delhi & back, free air conditioned II class railway pass to any destination in India at any time.
50,000 free telephone calls per year anywhere within India
Rent free flat or hostel accommodation in Delhi
7200 units of electricity free per year
OCCUPATIONAL BACKGROUNDs
1952 1995
1st lok Sabha 10 Loksabha
3. Agriculturist 97 163
4. Artist 0 5
5. Businessman 0 23
6. Civil/mltry 16 23
7. Diplomats 0 4
8. Engnrs 0 7
9. Former rulers 5 3
10. Trade unionists 0 4
11. Journalists/writers 45 11
12. Lawyers 153 83
13. Medical Practitioners 21 25
14. Pilot 0 1
15. Political & Social Workers 0 93" _
16. Religious Missionaries 0 3
17. Sportsmen 0 2
18. Teachers/Educationists 43 49
19. Traders/Industrialists 52 16
20.EXPENDITURE ON PARLIAMENT.
1981: 3.99 lacs per day or 40,000/- per hour
1995: on LS : 92,520/- per hour
on RS : 61,680/- per hour
Total : 1,54,200/- per hour
21. QUORUM
LS transacts most of it's business without a quorum. [55 members]
LS violates Article 100(3) and 100(4) of the Constitution
LS transacts most of it's work in the post-lunch session.
Average attendance during this period - 25 to 30 MPs.
22. FIRST GEN. ELECTIONS: 1952.
23. LARGEST ELECTIONS. : 52.1 % turnout in 1991.
24. LARGEST BALLOT PAPER: Delhi East carried 303 names in 1991.
25. HIGHEST VICTORY MARGIN: P V Narsimha Rao - By-election from Nandyal, AP voted 626441 against rival Bangaru Laxman - 45944. Margin 580297
26. LOWEST VICTORY MARGIN :K Ramakrishna from Annakapalli, AP. He won by a single vote in 1989.
27. VOTING AGE LOWEREDfrom 21 to 18 yrs. in 1989.
28. SMALLEST POLLING AREA :Pulabhet village, near Campbell Bay in the Greater Nicobar islands, it has only 10 voters on the electoral list.
29. FIRST CEC of INDIA: Sukumar Sen from 1950 to '58.
30. MOST SEATS CONTESTED AND LOST- Kaka Joginder Singh (Dharti Pakad) from Shamgunj village.(UP) He has contested from '52 and has never won. Contested from 57 constituencies in 1991. Pitted against Rajiv Gandhi, V. P. Singh and Chandrashekar. "
31. MOST INDEPENDENT CANDIDATES: 1984 elections, 3878 independent candidates out of 5493 contestants and only 5 were elected.
32. HIGHEST POLLING AREA in Asia: Hikkim, altitude of 15,000 ft tribal Lahol valley in HP. Polling booth was set up for 267 voters and 169 votes were polled.
33. MAXIMUM TIMES MINISTER Sushil Kumar Shinde, Cong I. Eleven times cabinet minister in Maharashtra.
34. LONGEST TERM AS A MINISTER: Babu Jagjivan Ram, 1947-79.
35. YOUNGEST MINISTER: Shailaja Kumari, Cong I. Deputy HRD minister.
36. FIRST WOMAN CM: Sucheta Kripalani - 1963-67.
37. SHORTEST STAY IN OFFICE: Ravi Naik of Goa, from 2-Apr-94 to 4-Apr-94
38. FIRST FILMSTAR CM: MGR, Madras.
39. CM ELECTED WHILE ABROAD: MG Ramchandran
40. CM FOR FIVE CONSECUTIVE TIMES: Jyoti Basu, West Bengal.
41. CMs IN ONE FAMILY: Shyam Charan Shukla, CM of MP, 1969, son of Ravi Shankar Shukla, CM of MP, 1966.
42. YOUNGEST CANDIDATE Simi Rosabelle John, 24 yrs SYBA student from Ernakulum
43. 1st STATE UNDER PRESIDENTIAL RULE : PUNJAB 1951 - 52
44 LARGEST POLITICAL MELA : Organised by AIADMK - victory meet at Madurai. Before the last assembly election which Jayalalitha was elected as CM after 3000 banners, 10 massive hydrogen balloons carrying Jayalalithas potrait. 10,000 party flags hoisted on rooftops. 50,00,000 volunteers visited the mela. 1300 buses hired, 1000 cars motorcade accompanied Jayalalitha. 4000 cooks employed to feed the guests.
INFORMATION ON ELECTIONS :
45. In the last eleven Gen. elections not once has the ruling party been able to get a absolute majority in terms of popular votes polled ie.
50% + of the total votes polled.
46. GARIBI HATAO slogan, the high point of the Congress popularity graph polled only 43.68 % of votes. But translated into 68.96% of seats.
47. In the 8th Lok Sabha election the percentage of votes polled by the Congress was 49 % . It was translated into 419 seats which comes
to appoximately 85 % of the Lok sabha seats.
48. During the entire period of 200 years of rule in India the British passed only some 400 laws. But in 40 years of Indian Parliament some
4000 pieces of legislaton have been passed. The difference is that the 400 laws had to be obeyed , while the 4000 laws are not.
49. Question hour is always between 11.00 am. to 12.00 pm.
50. A minister cannot be nominated as member of any parliamentary committee.
51. A member of any committee shall hold office for a term not exceeding 1 year. There are 17 such standing committees.
52. On March 16th 1989 Mr.B.Panigrahi was the only MP present in the 545 member House with just 3 ministers.
53. More than half of the total value of grants is cleared by the house of the people without scrutiny and the sum involved could be well over Rs.10000 crores every year.
54. No private member's Bill has been passed in parliament for the past 15 years.
55. The first Lok Sabha was constituted in March 1952.
56. An MP draws a daily allowance of Rs. 200 when he attends Parliament on any of numerous Parliamentary committee.
57. N.G. Ranga has set a record by serving Parliament for more than 4 decades.
58. No member of the Rajya Sabha can become the PM.
59. Mrs. Gandhi in 1966 was the only RS member to be elected as the PM. Subsequently she vacated her RS seat and held office as a LS member. Mr.H.D.Deve Gowda is the second PM to be a RS member.
60. The first joint session of Parliament ( LS & RS ) was convened in 1961.
61. RS, for the first time rejected an amendment bill, the 24th amendment bill in 1970. The bill abolished the privy purse of the Former Indian
rulers and princes.
62. Coverage of something as important as the Annual Budget, which affects the entire nation is limited to only 0.003 % in the press.
63. 1st amendment to the constitution was made in 1951.
64. The word "backward" has not been defined anywhere in the Constitution.
65. The word "Political Party" was for the first time used in the 52nd Amendment of the Constitution, which dealt with political defection." _
66. The Constituent Assembly met on 9th December 1946 and after sitting for 2 years 11 months and 17 days, on 26th November 1949 adopted the bulkiest Constitution of the world.
67. SHORTEST CANDIDATE : 26 year old SURESH KUMAR 4 ft tall contesting from Samakha.
68. LONGEST PRESS CONFERENCE IN THE WORLD : JULY 20th 1990 .
Lasted for two & half hours. Held by then PM V.P.SINGH at the Siri Fort auditorium, Delhi. 800 journalists attended.
# V.P.SINGH claimed that his government would last its full five year term.
# At the press conference, his second in seven months, the PM dealt mainly with generalities and seemed to have little to say even on such important issues like Punjab, J & K, and Assam.
# He also did not agree to the fact that the credibility of the party and the Govt. had taken a beating due to the crisis in Janta Dal. (differences between V.P.Singh & Devi Lal )
# Claimed that the Janta Dal's credibility has been demonstrated by its good showing in the assembly and the local bodies elections.
69. FIRST COUPLE IN THE LOK SABHA: JOACHIM & VIOLET ALVA from Karnataka between 1950 & 1957.
70. FIRST SPEAKER OF THE LOK SABHA: G.V.MAVALANKAR Cong
71. FIRST FAMILY IN LS: THE SCINDIAs - Madhavrao Scindia Cong I Vijayaraje Scindia BJP , Vasundhara Scindia BJP. 8th ls
72. TALLEST MP: RATILAL KALIDAS VERMA, BJP Dhandhuka, Gujarat. 6'5".
73. YOUNGEST MP : MUKUL WASNIK Cong I, 25 YRS. , BULDHANA , MAH.
74. FIRST BLIND MP: JAMNA PRASAD SASTRI, served 2 terms 1966,1989
75. LONGEST TERM AS PM - Nehru for 17 yrs 1947 to '64.
76. SHORTEST TERM AS PM- Charan Singh- 5months 15 days 1979-80
77. OLDEST PM - Morarjee Desai, 81 yrs.
78. YOUNGEST PM - Rajiv Gandhi, 40 yrs.
79. FIRST DEPUTY PM : Sardar Vallabhai Patel.
80. MOST WOMAN IN LOK SABHA : 8th LS had 44 women ; 8.1 % of the house.
81. LEAST WOMEN IN LS : 6th LS (1977 - 79) with a Janata Party majority had 19 women onstituting 3.4% of the LS.
82. WOMEN's SUFFRAGE : Indian women were allowed to vote and be elected in the provincial legislatures for the first time in 1926.
83. FIRST WOMAN CONGRESS PRESIDENT : Annie Beasant ( 1847 - 1933 ) elected president in 1917, was the only foreigner [Irish] and the first woman to head the Congress Party.
84. LARGEST ELECTORATE : The no. of voters in the 1991 elections was 520 million making India the largest democracy in the world.
85. PARTY WITH MOST VOTES:
The Cong.I secured a record 11 cr. 52 lacs 21 th.o 78 votes ( 78.5% of the total votes) and won 412 votes out of 513 seats in
the 1984 elections.
86. BOYCOTT OF ELECTIONS:
On Nov 25th 1989, in Bihar's Hazaribagh LS conctituency, not a single voter exercised his/ her franchise in 5 polling booths to protest non fulfillment of demands including construction of metal roads, electricity & other basic amenities.
87. LARGEST NO. OF CONTESTANTS :
1991 elections : 8952 candidates ( increase of 46.75 % )
1989 elections : 6100 candidates
88. MOST WINS FROM A SINGLE CONSTITUENCY :
B.SHANKARANAND : only parliamentarian in the whole world to win a
seat for the seventh consecutive time without changing his constituency.
CHIKKODI (RESV.) CONST. Dist. BELGAUM
89.LONGEST TENURE AS MP :The late BABU JAGJIVAN RAM was elected from
Sasaram in BIHAR IN 8 LS elections.
90. TWO TICKETS , TWO PARTIES IN 24 HOURS :
SYED SHAHABUDDIN filed nominations for two seats as a candidate of
two different candidates within 24 hours. On April 26th 1991 he filed his
papers as a candidate to Samajwadi Janata Party from Moradabad. The next
day April 27th he switched affiliation and filed his papers as a Janata Dal
candidate from Kishanganj. He went on to win the Kishanganj seat.
91. STATE CONTRIBUTING MOST PRESIDENTS :
ANDHRA PRADESH has contributed three Presidents so far :
S.Radhakrishnan, V.V.Giri, N.S.Reddy
UNION MINISTERS :
92. LONGEST TERM AS A UNION MINISTER :
JAGJIVAN RAM : Union Minister for over 28 years from Aug. 15 1947
to July 25, 1979 with a break from Aug. 1963 to Jan. 1966 under
the Kamraj Plan.
93. LONGEST TENURE IN ONE PORTFOLIO :
RAJKUMARI AMRIT KAUR, Health Minister for 9 years, 8 months from
Aug.15 1947 to April 17, 1957.
94. SHORTEST TENURE AS MINISTER :
Justice H.R.KHANNA : Minister for Law & Justice in the Charansingh
ministry for just five days, 30th July 1979 to 3rd august 1979.
95. FIRST UNION MINISTER TO RESIGN :
Dr.S.P.Mukherji resigned from the union cabinet on April 19, 1950.
96. FIRST UNION MINISTER TO BE ASSASINATED :
Railway Minster LALIT NARAYAN MISHRA was killed on 2 Jan 1975 in
a bomb explosion at Samastipur railway station.
97. LONGEST SITTING IN THE LOK SABHA :
The debate of the 1993 Railway budget began at 4 pm on 30th March
and ended at 6.25 am on 31st March lasting almost fifteen hours.
98. MINISTRY WITH THE MOST GRIEVANCES :
The Ministry Of Telecommunication received 1,25,922 grievances
from April to September 1987 and disposed off 1,09,082.
99. STATE WITH MOST RAPE CASES: MADHYA PRADESH 2696 rape cases in '92.
100. STATE/UNION TERRITORY WITH NO RAPE CASES : LAKSHWADEEP .
101. STATE WITH HIGHEST SUICIDES :KERALA - in 1991 24.7 death/1 lac
that accounts for approximately 20 suicides per day.
102. STATE WITH LOWEST SUICIDES :JAMMU & KASHMIR 0.5death/1 lac
PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
103. AFGHANISTAN LOYA-JIRGAH ( GRAND ASSEMBLY )
04. ALBANIA PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY
105. ALGERIA NATIONAL PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY
106. ANGOLA " "
107. ARGENTINA NATIONAL CONGRESS
108. AUSTRALIA FEDERAL PARLIAMENT (HOUSE OF REPS.& SENATE)
109. AUSTRIA NATONAL ASSEMBLY
110. BAHAMAS GENERAL ASSEMBLY (HOUSE OF ASS. & SENATE )
111. BELIZE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
112. BENIN NATL. REVOLUTIONARY ASS.
113. BHUTAN TSHOGDU ( Natl. Ass. )
114. BOLIVIA NATL. CONGRESS
115. BOTSWANA NATL. ASS.
116. BRAZIL NATL. CONG.
117. BRITAIN PARLIAMENT ( HOUS. OF COMMONS & LORDS )
118. BULGARIA NARODNO SUBRANIE ( NATL. ASSLY )
119. CAMBODIA NATL. ASS.
120. CANADA PARLIAMENT( HOUS. OF COM. & SENATE )
121. CAPE VERDE PEOPLE'S NATL. ASS.
122. CHINA NATL. PEOPLE'S CONGRESS
123. TAIWAN YUAN ( NAT. ASS. )
124. COLOMBIA CONGRESS
125. CUBA NATL. ASS. OF PEOPLE'S POWER.
126. DENMARK FOLKETING
127. EGYPT PEOPLE'S ASS.
128. FRANCE NATL. ASS.
129. GERMANY BUNDESTAG (LH) - BUNDESRAT (UH)
130. GUYANA NATL ASS.
131. HUNGARY "
132. ICELAND ALBINGI
133. INDONESIA PEOPLE'S CONSULTATIVE ASS.
134. IRAN MAJLIS
135. IRAQ NATL. ASS.
136. IRELAND OIREACHTAS OR NATL. PARL. ( DAIL EIREANN,
HOUSE OF REPS. & EANAD EIRANN , SENATE.
137. ISRAEL KNESSET
138. JAPAN DIET
139. JORDAN NAT. ASS.
140. KENYA ''
141. KOREA [NORTH] SUPREME PEOPLE'S ASBLY
142. KOREA [SOUTH] NAT. ASS.
143. KUWAIT ''
144. LAOS PEOPLE'S SUPREME ASSEMBLY
145. LIBERIA NAT. ASBLY.
146. LIBYA GENERAL PEOPLE'S CONGRESS
147. MADAGASCAR NAT PEP ASBLY.
148. MALAYSIA PARLIAMENT [ DEWAN RAKYAT & NEGARA]
149. MALDIVES MAJLIS
150. MONGOLIA GREAT PEOPLE'S KHURAL
151. MOZAMBIQUE PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY
152. MYANMAR PYITHU HLUTTAM [ PEOPLE'S ASBLY]
153. NEPAL NATIONAL PANCHAYAT
154. NETHERLANDS STATEN GENERAL
155. NEW ZEALAND PARLIAMENT [ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES]
156. NORWAY STORTING
157. PAPUA NEW GUINEA NAT. PAR.
158. POLAND SEJM
159. ROMANIA GRAND NAT. ASBLY.
160. SENEGAL NAT.ASS.
161. SEYCHELLES PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY
162. SOMALIA ''
163. SOUTH AFRICA HOUSE OF ASS.
164. SPAIN CORTES
165. SUDAN NAT ASS
167. SURINAM STATEN
168. SWEDEN RIKSDAG" _
169. SWITZERLAND FEDERAL ASSEMBLY [ NATIONALRAT AND STANDERAT]
170. SYRIA PEOPLE'S COUNCIL
171. TUNISIA NAT ASS
172. TURKEY GRAND NAT ASS.
173. U.S.A CONGRESS [ HOUSE OF REPS AND CONGRESS]
174. VANUATU REPRESENTATIVE ASSEMBLY
175. VENEZUELA NAT CONG.
176. VIETNAM NAT ASS.
177. ZAIRE NAT LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL
178. ZAMBIA NAT ASS.
179. The total Lok Sabha elections expenditure over the years :
1952 : Rs. 10.4 crore cost per voter 60 paise
1957 : Rs. 5.9 crore
1962 : Rs. 7.3 crore
1967 : Rs. 11.0 crore
1971 : Rs. 14.4 crore
1977 : Rs. 29.8 crore
1980 : Rs. 56.0 crore
1984 : Rs. 88.4 crore
1989 : Rs. 180.0 crore cost per voter Rs 3.50
1991 : Rs. 250.0 crore
180. The cost for the debate on the impeachment motion of Justice V.Ramaswamy lasted 22 hours and 4 minutes. At current rates when it is estimated that every minute in the Lok Sabha costs Rs.5,000 the cost of this debate is a little over Rs.66 lakhs. All this because the judge to be arraigned had spent Rs.6 Lakhs in excess.
LANDMARKS & MONUMENTS IN VARIOUS CONSTITUENCIES
181. MADURAI : MEENAKSHI SUNDARESHWAR TEMPLE, ( 17 th century ) monumental gateways are among the the most elaborately carved in South India. 30 mln. sculptures in the temple.
182. COCHIN : JEWISH SYNAGOGUE, built in 1568, earliest surviving synagogue in India.
183. AMRITSAR : GOLDEN TEMPLE, holiest of the Sikh shrines, part of the exterior is gilded with gold leaf. Built in 1577."
184. AGRA : TAJ MAHAL
185. FATEHPUR SIKHRI : BULAND DARWAZA, highest gateway in India ( 175ft ). Built by Akbar.
186. LUCKNOW : BADA IMAMBARA, Asia's largest vaulted hall, a hall without any external support of wood, iron or stone beams.
187. HYDERABAD : CHARMINAR, majestic monument of four minarets built in 1591, magnificent gateway with its fine stucco work and graceful towers.
188. BIJAPUR ( KARNATAKA ) : GOL GUMBAZ, 17th century, second largest dome in the world.
189. GAYA ( BIHAR ) : MAHABODH TEMPLE, 7th century, erected to mark the spot of Buddha's enlightenment.
190. JAIPUR : HAWA MAHAL, landmark of the Pink City, built in the 18th century.
191. BHUBANESHWAR ( ORISSA ) : LINGARAJA TEMPLE, 11th century shrine, 36.5 m.
192. PURI ( ORISSA ) : 12th century shrine, ht. of 65 mtrs
193. BHAVNAGAR ( PALITANA,GUJARAT ) : sacred spot of Jains, 1000 magnificent temples built over 900 years.
194. JUNAGADH ( GUJARAT ) : SOMNATH TEMPLE legendary temple believed to be built by the ` Moon God '. Ransacked 7 times but rebuilt again.
195. BIGGEST DAILY KITCHEN : Jaggannath Temple in Puri, Orissa. 750 ovens and over 100 dishes prepared everyday.
196. TALLEST FLAG MAST: St. George Fort, Madras.
200. LARGEST CINEMA THEATRE: Thangam in Tamil Nadu seats 2563 people.
201. TALLEST CHIMNEY: Tallest chimney in India is the 277.5 m (910.2 ft) high chinney at Talcher, ORISSA.
202. LONGEST RIVER BRIDGE : 5575 M (18,286 ft.) long, Mahatma Gandhi Setu, the bridge over Ganga at PATNA is the longest river bridge in the world.
203. BUSIEST BRIDGE: Howrah Bridge , Calcutta.60,000 vehicles a day & innumerable pedestrians crossing, it is
the busiest bridge in the world.
204. FIRST ALL WOMEN'S BANK : SYNDICATE BANK's Seshadripuram branch at Bangalore set up in 1962 is staffed entirely by women."
205. LONGEST PLATFORM : KHARAGPUR, West Bengal. 833 m ( 2733 ft ) long.
206. HIGHEST AIRPORT : LEH airport in Ladakh at a height of 3256 m ( 10680 ft ) - highest non - military airport in the world.
207. RICHEST TEMPLE: TIRUMALA TIRUPATI DEVASTHANAM at Tirupati, Tamil Nadu.
208. ONLY RAT TEMPLE : DESHNOK, 35 kms. from Bikaner , Rajasthan.
INDIAN RECORDS CONSTITUENCY WISE
209. JALLANDHAR, GORAYA, PUNJAB: ABHISHEK VIMAL JAIN, 15, World Champion ,speed typing (HELD IN ISTANBUL 1993) SPEED 117 WPM
210. OLD DELHI : GUL MOHAMMED, shortest man in the world (1991 Guinness Book) 57.15 cm. tall, wt: 17 kgs
211. POONA : MILIND DESHMUKH walked 65 kms with a full milk bottle balanced on his head (Guiness Book)
212. POONA: LONGEST FINGER NAILS SRIDHAL CHILLAL Measurement of his nails on 19 March 1991 was 452.5 cms for the five nails on his left hand, thumb (102.5 cms) last cut his nails 1952
213. TANJORE: LONGEST HAIR SWAMI PANDARASANADDI the head of Thiruvaduturai monastery, length 26 ft.
214. AHMEDNAGAR : The largest kitchen set up in April 1973, provided 1.2 mln subsistence meals every day for the famine affected.
215. LARGEST FUNERAL ATTENDANCE : MADRAS, T.N. C.N.ANNADURAI, who died on 3rd Feb 1969 , was attended by 15 mln people.
216. CALICUT :1st WOMAN IAS OFFICER, ANNA RAJAM GEORGE, 1ST TO QUALIFY FOR IAS. Posted as a sub - divisional officer in TAMIL NADU.
217. MANDSAUR DISTRICT, WESTERN MADHYA PRADESH : PARVATI ARYA, the country's only woman truck driver. Driving a Tata 120 S model 9 MBU 4534, last 15 years drove more than 4.5 lakh km. in the last 15 years.
218. RAJGANPUR, ORISSA : CHAMPION JOB HUNTER, P.D.PANI , attended 1st interview in June 1964. By May 1989, he attended 352 interviews & picked up over 30 jobs in diff. countries.
" _
EXPENDITURE ON LOK SABHA ELECTIONS
219. Till 1994 :
1,50,000 IN BIGGER STATES
50,000 IN SMALLER STATES
THE GOVT. OF INDIA enhanced the limit in November 1994.
4,50,000 in bigger states
1,50,000 in smaller states
220. The election commission recognises 6 national parties,
37 state parties & 301 registered parties.
The recognised national parties are :
1. Bhartiya janta party.
2. The communist party ( marxist )
3. The communist party
4. Indian national congress party
5. Janta party ( jp )
6. Janta dal
221. Elections 1962 :
20 cr. People on the rolls
420 mln. Ballot papers printed ( 700 tons of paper used )
24,00,000 polling stations. Engaging about 1 mln. Workers from
govt. And political quarters .
Cost involved : 5 cr. 50 lakhs rupees
govt. Expenditure in last elections 1991 :
for ballots papers & boxes : rs. 50 crores
all other expenses : rs. 200 cr." _
total : rs. 250 cr.
( source : election comm. Statements & media reports )
222. Maximum size of the election industry from the point of the candidates :
max. 550 seats x 4.5 lacs (max) x avg. 10 candidates = rs. 250 cr. ( this is the max. Officially permitted expenses )
223. Actual size of the election industry from the point of view of candidates, acc. To media reports :
max. 550 seats x min. 50 lacs x avg. 4 high spending candidates = 1100 cr.
According to Nikhil chakravarty's estimates, an excess of 1000 cr were spent during the 91 elections by the candidates. The difference bet. The official & the actual size of the industry of election is the parallel economy operating in elections.
224. Acc. To the views expressed by some candidates who fought the 91 ls elections from bombay ( both winning & losing and who do notwant to be identified :
50 % of total expenses are for campaign materials;
30 % of it are for rallies and meetings & payment to cadres
15 % for transport & vehicles
5 % administrative, legal & other expenses.
What about the money and gifts given to slum lords and community
leaders for purchasing votes ?
225. 5 most debated issues :
1952 elections :
a) nature & features of indian constitution
b) assasination of gandhi & role of sangh parivar
c ) weakness of oppn coupled with congress dominance and charisma of
nehru.
D) mixed economy & fabian socialism of nehru
e) debate on relationship with the 2 superpowers & on a neutral
foreign policy." _
1977 post emergency election ;the defeat of congress at centre
a) mass antagonism against emergency
b) allegations of personal dictatorship of mrs. Gandhi, sanjay g,
c) first experiment of united oppn.
D) national mass movt. Led by jp narayan
e) sections of bureaucracy, judiciary & the media combining to
defeat the ruling party.
1996 elections : ( expected issues of the election )
a ) impact of economic reforms for the poor
b ) entry of multinationals vs, swadeshi
c ) hindutva stand with respect to temple mosque debate, uniform civil
code
d) significance of the factor of regional forces & local leaders
e ) factionalism within different parties
226 the usual management hierarchy in elections of any election party across
ideology :
provincial chiefs + central observers
dist. Chiefs/organiser
constituency managers
zonal organisers
polling booth election agents
227. Some of the best managers and planners or strategists of elections
who have not usually participated in elections are :
atulya ghosh / k. Kamraj - congress
pramod dasgupta / biman bose - cpm
a. B. Burdhan - cpi
bal thackeray - shiv sena " _
govindacharya / k.l.sharma - bjp
natarajan - aiadmk
228. Factors crucial for determining corporate house's funding of parties are :
1) projects to be cleared ( more at the state level
2 ) traditional support
3 ) winnability of the party
4) stability plank of the govt.
5 ) pro-capitalist 0r open economic policy
6) balancing act bet. Major parties
7) protection given to industries ( earlier times )
229. C T.N. SESHAN'S SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN INDIAN ELECTONS
The positive aspects or pros of the role of T.N.Seshan as the Chief Election Commissioner are as follows:
---he has emphasised on the strict implementation of the upper limits of electoral expenses (the limits are noted in this fact-file above);
--he has ensured the adherence to a model Code of Conduct by all contesting candidates and parties during elections;
---he has been taking up the cudgels to make the possession of photo identity cards compulsory for voting in the coming Lok Sabha elections;
---he is making the practice of consulting all the parties at the same time in an all-party meeting before making any major decision with regards to the holding of elections, changes of dates, making the Code of Conduct, etc
---he has got the image of an honest and tough bureaucrat who cannot be politically manipulated, being a person of integrity;
---he has evolved a Code of Conduct with respect to the regulation of scope of campaign, its timings, use of loudspeakers, etc.;
---he has given a detailed proposal to the Central Government for an alternative electoral law, i.e., for electoral reforms, which has so far been put into cold storage.
---the credit of having largely peaceful state elections and by-elections in states like Maharashtra, Bihar, Gujarat and even West Bengal, is majorly given to Seshan and his rigid implementation of the rules of the book;
---Seshan has always maintained that he cannot be held responsible for the limitations of the system, or for issues like unrealistic ceilings on electoral expenses, since the laws are made by the Parliament and he is the custodian of the existing laws as they are (he loves to call himself "an alert alsatian of the law").
The negative aspects or cons of the role of the present CEC, T.N.Seshan, are as follows:
---his style of functioning has been allegedly self-centric and often bordering on eccentric or dictatorial at times;
---he has been bitterly antagonistic towards a multi-membered Election Commission, which he finally accepted after a verdict of the Supreme Court in favour of the multi-membered body;
---he has been allegedly accomodative towards the BJP and even BJP top leadership is also said to be soft towards him;
---critics have also observed that he, in effect, has been usurping some extra-constitutional authority in the institution of the CEC, and has been keen on cancelling several elections in states like Bihar on the slightest pretext;
---critics also allege that his new-found love for the rules of the book and cleansing politics has no roots in his long bureaucratic career, and he has been said to be close to Rajiv Gandhi, as the chief of his personal security and press relations in the past; and it is said that his rise in the corridors of power has been thanks to Rajeev Gandhi.
229. CUT MOTIONS
The issue of nine cut motions to be tabled by the Congress member of
Lok Sabha , Mr. P. RANGARAJAN KUMARMANGALAM, nearly threatened to
bring down the Narsimha Rao government.
For each ministry or Dept.; under different heads , demands are made
for grants. A cut motion seeks to reduce the proposed amount of the grant.
The number of cut motions given notice of runs into thousands and
overwhelming majority of them are never moved and not even noticed by
anybody.
Precedents of members of the ruling party MP s giving notice of cut
motions :-
3rd LOK SABHA : MR. TAHIR moved the cut motion on May 2nd 1962 which was
duly voted and negated.
4th LOK SABHA : MASTER BHOLA NATH's cut motion was negated by vote on June
22nd 1967.
8th LOK SABHA : NANJE GOWDA tabled his notice of cut motion but did
not move it.
10th LOK SABHA : Cut motions of KUMARMANGALAM did not come up for
voting at all on the technical ground that they had not been moved.
Speaker Shivraj Patil turned down the fervent pleas from the opposition
for a vote on the cut motions, saying that he was bound by the rules
of the house.
230. ELECTIONS COUNTERMANDED IN 13 LS CONSTITUENCIES : 1991 ELECTIONS
ANDHRA PRADESH - CUDDAPAH
BIHAR - BARH, MADHEPURA, PURNEA, PATNA, GAYA (SC)
GUJARAT - KUTCH
KARNATAKA - DHARWAD SOUTH
MAHARASHTRA - NANDED
ORISSA - DHENKANAL
UTTAR PRADESH - ETAWAH, BULANDSHAHR, MEERUT
231. VIP SECURITY
NATIONAL SECURITY GUARDS ( NSG ) raised in 1984 as a crack anti-
terrorist force.
NSG protects 18 persons, 11 of whom are Delhi - based :
L.K.ADVANI
ARJUN SINGH
BJP Leader ASWANI KUMAR
SUBODH KANT SAHAY
SAJJAN KUMAR
FAROOQ ABDULLAH
TAMIL NADU CM MS. JAYALALITHA
ASSAM CM HITESWAR SAIKIA
HARYANA CM BHAJAN LAL
JAGDISH TYTLER
UTTAR PRADESH : UNDER GOVERNOR'S RULE, SINCE 27th OCTOBER, 1995.
J&K GOVERNOR : K.V.KRISHNA RAO
RAJESH PILOT
H.K.L BHAGAT
YOUTH CONGRESS PRESIDENT : MANINDER SING BITTA
ASWINI MINNA of PUNJAB KESARI
Each VVIP has an average of 7 NSG men & 2 cars; NSG work in shifts,
126 Black Cats would be engaged in VIP security while an equal no. would be
on standby for the next shift, thereby taking the number to 252.
DELHI police protects more than 500 persons.
1994 : COST TO DELHI police was 23 crores. Between 8000 & 10,000 men
were deployed to protect merely 200 people.
3000 Delhi policemen are deployed from time to time for the PM and the
President who otherwise have their own dedicated security such as the
SPECIAL PROTECTION GROUP ( SPG ) and the PRESIDENTIAL BODYGUARDS.
THE PRESIDENTIAL BODYGUARDS are trained paratroopers and hence have an
operational role in case of war. The SPG is exclusively meant for serving
the PM & his family and former PMs and their families.
232. ILLEGAL OCCUPANTS OF GOVERNMENT BUNGALOW
Supreme Court has initiated action against 72 persons, most of them
VVIPs for residing in government bungalows without entitlement.
Facing the directive are V.P.SINGH, BJP leaders M.M.JOSHI, VIJAYA RAJE
SCINDIA, KANSHI RAM, N.D.TIWARI, MANI SHANKAR AIYER.
The courts order came on a public interest petition by a lawyer SHIV
SHANKAR TIWARI alleging ad-hoc out of turn allotments in government
accomodation.
Out of the list, 60 persons have been alloted accomodation higher than
their entitlement till such time they remain MPs :
RAM VILAS PASWAN, GEORGE FERNANDES, K.P.UNNIKRISHNAN, SHARAD YADAV,
RABI RAY, ARJUN SINGH, B. SHANKARANAND, KALPANATH RAI, M.L.FOTEDAR,
VYJANTHIMALA BALI.
233 ARREARS OF PAYMENTS FOR USE OF GOVT. BUNGALOWS
21 VIPs including former Governors, Ministers, Parliamentarians,
owe more than 75 LAKHS as outstanding rent to the Central Government.
Family of late Punjab CM DARBARA SINGH was residing at Krishna Menon
marg since 1984. The allotment was cancelled on May 11 1990 and the family
owed the government a staggering sum of over Rs. 20,27,631. The government
had passed the eviction order but the occupants had now requested for
alternative accomodation on securuty grounds.
On grounds of security alone, a large number of ex-ministers & other
VIPs were staying on in government alloted houses.
Former Union minister H.K.L.BHAGAT retained the 34, Prithviraj Road
bungalow on security grounds. Outstanding dues : Rs. 8,36,143 as of Nov.
1994.
SUBODH KANT SAHAY ; Lodi Garden Bungalow.
Outstanding dues : 1,77,826
S.S. BARNALA ; Humayun Road Bungalow.
Outstanding dues : 1,40,174
Family of former Punjab Governor of Punjab, SURENDRA NATH continue
to occupy 68, Lodi Estate owing Rs. 1,41,362 to the govt.
: WOMAN IN POLITICS :
234. 1991 ELECTION :
TOTAL SEATS : 543
ELECTION HELD : 511
WOMEN CONTESTED : 215
TOTAL WOMEN CANDIDATES : 304
ELECTED : 36
235 PARTY - WISE POSITION OF WOMEN MPs & CANDIDATES :
PARTY CONTESTED ELECTED % VOTES POLLED
CONG. I 46 19 8.168 %
BJP 27 10 3.455 %
JD 12 2 0.602 %
CPI M 3 2 0.720 %
CPI 2 1 0.629 %
SJP 18
INDEPENDENT 145 145
SSP 1 1 .093 %
AIADMK 1 1 .469 %
: LITERACY RATIO :
236 YEAR LITR. POPLN. OF MALE LITRT. FEMALE LITRT.
TOTAL POPLN. POPLN. POPLN.
1951 18.33 % 27.16 % 8.86 %
1961 28.31 % 40.40 % 15.34 %
1971 34.45 % 45.95 % 21.97 %
1981 43.56 % 56.37 % 29.75 %
1991 52.11 % 63.86 % 39.42 %
237. EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUNDS OF WOMEN MPs
7th LS 8th LS 9th LS
DOCTORATES 3.5% 6.8% 11.0%
UNDER MATRICS. 25.0% 6.8% 3.7%
MATRICS./ HSC 14.3% 31.8% 25.9%
POST - GRADS. 25.0% 22.7% 22.2 %
GRADUATES 31.0% 31.9% 37.0%
238. WOMEN MPs IN LOK SABHA
ELECTORATE IN CRORE NO. OF MPs
YEAR MEN WOMEN MEN WOMEN
1952 10.7 6.6 475 14
1957 11.8 7.4 467 27
1962 11.6 10.4 459 35
1971 13.9 13.4 497 21
1977 14.4 17.6 523 19" _
1980 17.7 18.6 514 28
1984 16.4 23.4 486 42
1989 23.1 20.9 497 27
240. WOMAN IN LOK - SABHA
YEAR TOTAL.NO. TOTAL.NO. PER. %
OF SEATS WOMEN MPs OF TOTAL
1952 499 22 4.4%
1957 500 27 5.4%
1962 503 34 6.7%
1967 523 31 5.9%
1971 521 22 4.2%
1977 544 19 3.4%" _
1980 544 28 5.1%
1984 544 44 8.1%
1989 529 27 5.13 %
1991 511 36 7.4%
241. outstanding women mp's of india :
vijaya lakshmi pandit
renu chakravarty
sucheta kriplani
ahilya rangnekar
susheela gopalan
vijaya raje scindia
242 main issues at the time of elections :
1952 election:
party at centre : congress
p.m. : nehru
issues :
1) india's agricultural heritage - symbol of congress party depicted
by a pair of bullocks harnessed to yoke: giving the party an
unassailable political position.
2) this victory was natural : congress was the only party with a very
wide and deep rooted organisational base.
3) opposition parties : unable to formulate any acceptable principles.
4) electorate : not really prepared mentally to take the other parties'
manifestoes at face value. therefore inclined to tilt towards the
freedom fighters and constitution makers ( in the congress party ).
243.1957 election :
party in power : congress
p.m. : nehru
main opposition parties :
issues :
1) emphasis on a socialist pattern of society, large scale
industrialisation and modernist methods of agriculture.
2) first priority in the manifesto to curb poverty and prevent
inflation .
3) declaration to make the cultivator the owner of the land.
4) encouragement to panchayati & co-operative institutions.
244. 1962 election:
party in power : congress
pm : nehru
principal opposition parties : jan sangh, swantantra party, praja
socialist party, communist party , socialist party ( fielded above 100
candidates )
issues :
1) reorganisation of states: lingered as a major election issue.
the people wanted the linguistic & cultural questions to be settled
properly. secession from the indian union was being implicitly or
explicitly urged, slogan of ` unity in diversity was belied.'
2) decline in the popularity of the congress
3) upsurgence of communal, separatist and anti-fascist forces.
4) just managed to form governments in most of the states. severe
drubbing in madhya pradesh and rajasthan. strength clipped in other
states of bihar, madras, mysore, punjab & uttarpradesh.
5) main challenge from the rightist forces. countered by the vigorous
campaigning of nehru.
6) lack of foresight : underestimating the power of big money as well
as the capacity of feudal aristocracies to retain loyalties by
utilising the levels of power. scuttling of the halting land reform
_5 measures should have, but did not alert the congress leadership to
the dangers inherent in this source._
7) chinese aggression , 1962 : humiliation suffered by the country and
the national leadership was an oppurtunity for the right to mount an
offensive for reversal of accepted policy in the name of national
defence.
8) western pressure became irresistible because the national economy
had to be given a defence orientation as per the demand of the
situation. rightists made it an issue of national prestige.
9) failure to prepare the 4th plan, continuous surrender of the central
govt. to internal & external pressures, inability to curb growing
economic difficulties and famine conditions, increased lawlessness,
tickets being granted on a very large scale to nominees of big
business and feudal interests.
245. 1967 election
party at the centre : congress
p.m. : indira gandhi
principal opposition parties :
issues :
1) two wars, deaths of 2 pms, two famines, - all packed into a
short span of 5 years, were enough to mark any period as tragic.
all this happened to india between the two general elections of
1962 and 1967.
2) the post nehru political scene :
a) multiplicity of parties in legislatures.
b) instability in state governments.
3) in the legislative elections to the haryana, punjab, u.p. ,
bihar and west bengal ( 1968 ) a number of innovationbs were
tried out by the election commission :
a) the maximum distance between the polling stations was reduced
to 3 kms.; in many cases it was 1 1/2 kms.
b) the polling officers were required to shuffle the baloot papers
every 2 hours so as to conceal the identity of the voter. this
was reversed in 1971-72.
c) for the first time, mobile polling booths were introduced to
avoid intimadation of voters. quite successful expirement.
246. 1971 election
party at centre : congress (i)
p.m. : indira gandhi
principal opposition parties: cong (o), swatantrata party, bhartiya jan
sangh, samyukata socialist party, praja socialist party, cpi & cpm
issues :
1) the late 1960s brought in a new phenomenon in the indian political
scene of different governments in the centre and in the states,of
different parties. erosion of congress monopoly in the country's
politics.
2) split in the congress : inspite of the instability of the
indira govt. , mrs. gandhi's official candidate v.v. giri
won the presidential polls.
3) mrs. gandhi's major comeback to power :
a) victory in the bangladesh war against pakistan
b) ussr - india friendshp treaty,
c) successful use of `garibi hatao' slogan
d) abolition of privy purses
e) nationalisation of banks
f) promise that right to property would be removed
g) accused the opposition ( jan sangh ) of setting up a
fascist trend
h) stability
247. 1977 election
party at centre : janta party
p.m. : morarji bhai, charan singh
principal oppn. parties : congress (i)
issues :
1) congress imposed emergency rule brought down the popularity
of mrs. gandhi in the eyes of the masses. mass antagonism against
emergency.
2) role of sanjay gandhi in the emergency tarried the congress
image. allegations of personal dictatorship of mrs. gandhi
and sanjay gandhi.
3) people not in favour of dynastic rule.
4) important leaders like jagjivan ram's resignation from the congress
contributed to the the congress party's downfall.
5) first expirement of united opposition. coalition of opposition parties
elected to power - major gains for the opposition in the north,
congress survives in the south.
6) national mass movement led by jp narayan.
248. 1980 election
party at the centre : congress (i)
p.m. : mrs. indira gandhi
principal oppn. parties :
issues :
1) stability : main electoral battlecry of the congress after the
coalition opposition government failed.
2) congress accused the oppn. parties of squandering the resources
of india in the 2 & 1/2 year rule and highlighted the detoriation
in the economic , political and social scene.
3) promises of reducing unempolyment & bringing about national
integration.
4) failure of an united opposition expirement - clear ideological
differences in the opposition.
249. 1984 election
party at the centre : cong. ( i )
p.m. : rajiv gandhi
principal oppn. parties : telugu desam, bjp, janta party
issues :
1) thumping majority to cong. ( i ) :
- sympathy wave in favour of the congress after mrs. gandhi's
assasination
- rajiv gandhi elected as the pm with the highest number of seats ever won by any party.
2) bjp routed completely winning only 2 seats
3) telugu desam major oppn. party
250. 1989 election
party at the centre : janta dal supported by the left/ bjp
p.m. : v.p. singh
principal oppn. parties : congress i
issues :
1) rajiv gandhi's image tainted by the bofors scandal - allegation
of kickbacks.
2) important leaders v.p.singh, arif mohammed khan, arun nehru
expelled from the congress ; form jan sangh : integrated into janta
dal. janta dal ;part of national front consisting of leftist
parties, regional parties like dmk. bjp prefers to remain out of
the nf
3) corruption : an important issue in the election.
4) janta dal elected to power headed by v.p.singh : govt. supported by
bjp & the leftists. janta dal & its allies gain in the north.
congress survives in the south.
5) confrontation between the jd & bjp over the mandir - masjid issue.
rss-vhp attempt to destruct the disputed shrine thwarted by mulayam
singh's govt. l.k.advani arrested enroute on the rath yatra.
6) bjp withdraws support to the govt. v.p.singh's govt. loses vote of
confidence in lok sabha.
7) chandrashekhar group defects from janta dal; forms samajwadi janta
party - sworn into power supported by congress (i)
251. 1991 election
party at the centre : congress (i)
p.m. : p.v. narsimharao
principal oppn. parties : bjp, janta dal, cpi, cpm
issues :
1) stability : main pitch of the congress
2) cong i tries to exploit rajiv gandhi's assasination to convert
emotions into votes.
3) bjp attempts to ride on the hindutva wave generated by advani's
rath yatra.
4) emergence of powerful regional satraps like jayalalitha &
mulayam singh yadav.
5) janata dal disintegrates into various no. of factions - emerges
as a third force - attempts to mobilise the backward classes
through the mandal issue.
252. 1996 elections : ( expected issues of the election )
a ) impact of economic reforms for the poor
b ) entry of multinationals vs swadeshi
c ) hindutva stand with respect to temple mosque debate, uniform civil
code
d) significance of the factor of regional forces & local leaders
e ) factionalism within different parties
f) stability of the congress government
g) criminalisation of politics
comparison between the political systems between us, uk and india:
253. judiciary :
india : single integrated judiciary. one supreme court at the
apex and commanding all other courts .
usa : largely federal polity. seperate judiciary for each state.
therefore one supreme court for each of the 52 states or provinces
of the usa. one national supreme court in washington dc,
superior to the state courts but without the authority of the
indian supreme court vis-a-vis the state courts.
uk : no supreme court. upper house of parliament, house of lords,
is the highest court of justice . the last appeal can be made to
this house.
254. citizenship:
india : only single citizenship ie. of the nation, allowed.
usa : dual citizenship of different kind allowed ie. a resident of the usa
is first a resident of his state or province, and then a citizen of usa.
255. head of the govt. :
india : the pm heads cabinet : can be re-elected any no. of times. no
limits or legal restrictions on terms of office.
usa : president : can be re-elected only once. since each term of an
american president is 4 years, maximum period that any individual can
remain us president is 8 years.
uk : same as india
256. politicians social workers :
india : 93 full time politicians or social workers
usa : a 3 time increase in the no. of full time politicians or social
workers.
257.
ac57emecians / scientists in politics :
india :
raja ramanna, minister of state for science & technology
in v.p. singh ministry.
dr. manmohan singh, finance minister, p.v.narsimha rao ministry
usa :
prof. henry kissinger, harvard scholar in charge of foreign affairs under
president nixon in 1970s. international diplomat awarded the nobel prize
for peace.
u.k.:
economists adam smith & lord keynes were finance ministers.
258.
5. in u.k. parliamentarins get an allowance of pounds 40,480 p.a.
towards office costs.
member of u.s. congress receive a clerk allowance of $ 4.75,060
p.a.
facilities :
2500 sq.ft of office space, free stationery and free use of senate
computer centre and video recording centre.
an indian mp gets a salary of rs 66000 p.a. in addition to additional
benefits such as free rail travel, limited free air - tickets, free
50000 telephone calls.
259. ELECTION COMMISSIONERS OF INDIA:
1) SUKUMAR SEN - 21st MARCH 1950 TO 19th DECEMBER 1958
2) K.V.K. SUNDRAM - 20th DECEMBER 1958 TO 30th SEPTEMBER 1967
3) S.P.SEN VERMA : 1st OCTOBER 1967 TO 30tH SEPTEMBER 1972
4) DR. NAGENDRA SINGH : 1st OCTOBER 1972 TO 6thFEBRUARY 1973
5) T.SWAMINATHAN : 7th FEBRUARY 1973 TO 17th JUNE 1977
6) S.L. SHAKDHAR : 18th JUNE 1977 TO 17th JUNE 1982
7) R.K.TRIVEDI : 18th JUNE 1982 TO 31st DECEMBER 1985
8) R.K.S. PERI SASTRI : 1st JANUARY 1986 TO 25tH NOVEMBER 1990
9) SMT. V.S. RAMADEVI : 26th NOVEMBER 1990 TO 11th DECEMBER 1990
10) T.N. SESHAN : 12th DECEMBER 1990 TILL DATE
260. longest term as the cec : k.v.k. sundram (20th dec 1958 to 30th sept
67 )
261. the only woman cec & shortest term as cec : smt. v.s. ramadevi ( 26th
nov. to 11th dec 90)
262. first cec of india : sukumar sen ( 21st march 50 to 19th dec 58 )
263. cec during emergency : s.l.shakdhar (17th june 77 to 18th june 82 )
264. indian parliament consists of the two houses / chambers :
lok sabha - lower house
rajya sabha - upper house
the indian parliament is modelled on the basis of the british parliament;
` the mother of all parliaments ' which consists of the two houses :
house of lords
house of commons.
265. composition of lok sabha :
maximum strength as envisaged by the constitution :
552 ( 530 to represent states, 20 for uts , 2 anglo indians nominated by
the president )
present strength of the lok sabha :
545 ( 53o directly elected from 25 states, 13 from 7 uts, 2 nominated
by the president )
allocation of present ls is on the basis on 71 census.
under the 42nd amendment (1976), this will continue to be so based until
figures of the 1st census taken after 2000 ad become available.
266. term of the lok sabha :
unless dissolved, it is 5 years from the date appointed for its first
meeting.
however, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period
may be extended by parliament by law for a period not exceeding one year at
a time and not extending in any case, beyond a period of 6 months after the
proclamation has ceased to operate.
267. qualification for the membership of ls :
minimum age : 25 years
additional qualifications may be prescribed by the parliament by law.
268. composition of rajya sabha :
acc. to the constitution the rajya sabha should not consist of more
than 250 members.
- 238 representatives of the states and union territories.
- 12 members having special knowledge or experience in the fields of
literature, music, science, art and social service.
at present , the rs consists of 245 seats including 233 members
representating staes and union territories.
269. term of rajya sabha : the rs is not subject to dissolution, one
third of its members retire on expiry of every second year.
270. functions and powers of parliament :
overseeing admininstration
passing of budget
ventilation of public grievances
discussing various subjects like development plans
international relations
national policies
powers to impeach the president & to remove judges of supreme court and
high courts.
bureaucrats in politics
271. the civil services constitute the administrative backbone of our
country.
drawing its legacy from the british i.c.s. , many ics officers like
subhash chandra bose, bankim chandra chaterjee, aurobindo ghose played an
important role in the national freedom movement.
272. ministers in nehru's cabinet : v.k.krishna menon - defence minister
c.d.deshmukh - finance minister
273 ministers in mrs. gandhi cabinet : k.natwar singh - foreign minister
274. civil servants turned mps in rajiv gandhi's tenure : r.k.dhawan
275. civil servants turned mps in oppn. govts :
desai's cabinet : h.m. patel - finance minister
chandrashekhar - yeshwant sinha - finance minister
276. civil servants turned mps and ministers in narsimha rao govt.:
manmohan singh - finance minister
mps :
shri a. charles - cong i - trivandrum, kerala
shayam lal kamal - bjp - u.p. basti
mohammed, ayub khan - cong.i - jhunjunu, rajasthan
p.r. naidu - cong i - khammam, a.p.
mani shankar aiyer - cong.i
k.p. singh deo - cong.i - dhenkanal, orissa
sushil chandra verma - bjp - bhopal
election schedule year wise & the cost involved :
277. 1951/52:oct 25,1951 to feb. 21 1952( 4 months )cost involved : rs. 10.4
cr.
278. 1957 : feb. 24 to june 9 ( 3 1/2 months ) cost involved : rs. 5.9 cr.
279. 1962 : feb. 16 to june 6 ( about 4 months ) cost involved : rs. 7.3 cr.
280. 1967 : feb. 15 to feb. 28 ( 14 days ) cost involved : rs.11 cr.
281. 1971 : mar. 1 to march 13 ( 13 days ) cost involved : rs. 14.4 cr.
282. 1977 : mar. 16 to mar. 20 ( 5 days ) cost involved : rs. 29.8 cr.
283. 1980 : jan. 3 to jan. 6 ( 4 days ) cost involved : rs. 80 cr.
284. 1984 : dec. 24 to dec. 27 ( 3 days ) cost involved : rs. 88.4 cr.
285. 1989 : nov. 22 , 24 , 26 th ( 3 days ) cost involved : rs. 180 cr.
286. 1991 : 20 may, 12 june, 15 june ( 3 days ) cost involved : rs. 250
cr.
287. election conducted over the largest period of time : 1952 election (
4 months )
288. election conducted over the shortest period of time ( consecutive
days) : 1984 election ( 3 days )
289 1st election which was conducted on different days : 1989 election
cabinet size of various pms :
290. 1952 :
44 member cabinet headed by nehru
- 14 cabinet ministers
- 16 ministers of state
- 14 deputy ministers
291. 1957 : sworn on april 17th
39 member council of ministers headed by nehru
- 13 cabinet ministers
- 14 ministers of state
- 12 deputy ministers
292. 1962 cabinet : sworn on april 10th 1962
40 member cabinet headed by pandit nehru
- 17 cabinet ministers
- 12 ministers of state
- 21 deputy ministers
9th june 1964: 52 member ministry headed by lal bahadur shastri
sworn in.
- 16 cabinet ministers
- 16 state ministers
- 20 deputy ministers.
293. 1967 election : sworn on march 13th 1967
51 member ministry headed by mrs. indira gandhi
- 19 cabinet ministers
- 17 ministers of state
- 15 deputy ministers
294. 1971 election: sworn in on 18 th march
36 council member ministry headed by pm indira gandhi
- 13 cabinet ministers
- 15 ministers of state
- 8 deputy ministers
295. 1977 election : sworn in 26th march 1977
20 council member ( all cabinet rank ) headed by morarji desai
296. 1980 election : 14 th january 1980
28 member ministry headed by mrs. gandhi
- 17 cabinet ministers
- 11 ministers of state
297. 1985 cabinet : sworn in on december 3rd 1984
40 member council of minister
- 15 cabinet ministers
- 6 ministers of state with independent charge
- 19 ministers state
rajiv gandhi scrapped the 3rd tier of deputy ministers of ground that in
the past, they were found to be having no work.
298. 1989 cabinet : sworn in on december 5th 1989
19 member ministry headed by v.p.singh
- 17 cabinet ministers
- 2 ministers of state
299. 1991 cabinet : sworn in on 21st june 1991
69 member ministry headed by p.v.narsimha rao
- 18 cabinet ministers
- 13 minister of state with independent charge
- 38 ministers of state
300. largest cabinet :
p.v. narsimha rao, 1991, 69 member cabinet
301. smallest cabinet :
v.p.singh , 1989, 19 member cabinet
302. months in which the cabinets were sworn in :
1952 - may
1957 & 62 - april
1967 & 71 & 77 - march
1980 - january
1985 & 89 - december
1991 - june
sessions of the lok sabha
303. 1st lok sabha
15 sessions
13th may 1952 to 29th march 1957
actual no. of days on which the house sat : 677
304. 2nd lok sabha
16 sessions
10th may 1957 to 30th march 1962
actual no. of days on which the house sat : 579
305. 3rd lok sabha
17 sessions
16th april 1962 to 9th december 1966
actuals no. of days on which the house sat : 578
306. 4th lok sabha
12 sessions
16th march 1967 to 23rd december 1970
actual no. days : 469
307. 5th lok sabha
18 sessions
19th march 1971 to 11th november 1976
actual no. of days : 613
308. 6th lok sabha
9 sessions
25th march 1977 to 3rd august 1979
actual no. of days : 267
309 7th lok sabha
15 sessions
21st jan 1980 to 11th september 1984
actual no. of days : 465
310 8th lok sabha
14 sessions
15th january 1985 to 20th october 1989
actual no. of days : 485
311. 9th lok sabha
7 sessions
18th december 1989 to 22nd january 1991
actual no. of days : 109
312. 10th lok sabha
?? sessions
9th july 1991 to ????????????????????????????
actual no. of days : ??????
educational background
1952 ls 1991 ls
313 under matriculates 112 18
314 matriculates/hsc 88 44
315 under graduates 0 57
316 graduates 177 220
317 post-graduates 85 145
318. doctoral degrees/other
high qualifications 15 25
recognised parties by the election commission
national parties state parties
319. 1952 14 60
320. 1957 4 12
321. 1962 4 16
322. 1967 4 21
323. 1971 8 17
324. 1977 5 18
325. 1980 6 19
326. 1984 9 23
327. 1989 9 23
328. parties recognised by the election commission of india : 1991 election
national parties : 9
1. bjp 2. cpi 3. cpi ( m )
4. ics ( scs ) 5. inc 6. jd
7. jp 8. lok dal ( lkd ) 9. jd (s)
other recognised state & regional parties :
135 parties
firsts in lok sabha :
329. first couple in the lok sabha : joachim & violet alva from karnataka
between 1950 & 1957.
330. first speaker of the lok sabha : g.v.mavalankar cong
331. longest term as a minister: babu jagjivan ram, 1947-79.
332. youngest minister: shailaja kumari, cong i. deputy hrd minister.
333. first union minister to resign :
dr.s.p.mukherji resigned from the union cabinet on april 19, 1950.
film artists in lok sabha
334. 8th lok sabha :
amitabh bachchan - allahabad, uttar pradesh. cong. i
vyjanthimala bali - madras south, tamil nadu. cong.i
335. 9th lok sabha :
juluri jamuna : rajahmundary, andhra pradesh. cong.i
336. 10th lok sabha :
arvind trivedi : sabarkantha, gujarat. bjp
deepika topiwala : baroda, gujarat. bjp
rajesh khanna : new delhi
ex - military personnel in lok sabha
337. 9th lok sabha
mohamad hassan - ladakh, jammu & kashmir. independent
jaswant singh - jodhpur, rajasthan. bjp
keshari lal - ghatampur, uttar pradesh. janta dal
d.d. khanoria - kangra, himachal pradesh. bjp
ghattamaneni krishna - eluru, andhra pradesh. cong.i
338. 10th lok sabha
kamal chaudhary - hoshiarpur, punjab. cong.i
capt. jagatvir singh drona - kanpur, uttar pradesh. bjp
maj.gen.( retd.) bhuwan chandra khanduri -garhwal, uttar pradesh. bjp
maj. d.d. khanoria - kangra, himachal pradesh. bjp
col. rao ram singh - mahendragarh, haryana. cong.i
maj.sudhir sawant - rajapur, maharashtra. cong.i
( defeated madhu dandavate )
maj. gen. robert g. williams - nominated ( anglo indian )
mps who started their careers as non - political figures
339. lawyers :
p.r. kumarmangalam : cong i : tamil nadu
p.a. sangma : cong. i : meghalaya
b. shankaranand: cong. i : karnataka
340. agriculturists :
malikarjun : cong. i : andhra pradesh
ram niwas mirdha : cong. i : rajasthan
v.c shukla : cong i : madhya pradesh
sukh ram : cong i : himachal pradesh
341. journalists :
v.b. muttemwar : cong i : maharashtra
k.r.narayanan : cong i : kerala
a.b. vajpayee : bjp : uttar pradesh
p.a. sangma : cong i : meghalaya
342. teachers :
k.r. narayanan : cong i : kerala
girija vyas : cong i :rajasthan
343. religious missionaries :
uma bharati : bjp : madhya pradesh
vishwanath das shastri : bjp : uttar pradesh
swami sureshanand : bjp : " "
sakhshiji maharaj mahamandleshwar swami : bjp : uttar pradesh
chinmayananda swami : bjp : uttar pradesh
devjibhai tandel : bjp : daman & diu" _
frequent party- hoppers in indian politics
344. chandrajeet yadav:
mp from azamgarh, uttar pradesh
Has been a member of the Congress, the Janta Dal, the Samta party and is
now trying to join Mulayam Singh's Samajwadi Party.
345. YASHWANT SINHA :
IAS officer before he joined party politics.
Janta Dal Member of Parliament when V.P.Singh was in power.
Janta Dal (S) Finance minister in Chandra Shekhars government.
Joined the BJP and is now the leader of the opposition in Bihar Assembly.
346)MULAYAM SINGH : Ex - CM of Uttar Pradesh
Member of all the socialist parties of the country.
Member of Janta Dal, broke along with Chandra Shekhar and formed his own
Samajwadi Party. He is trying to join the National Front.
347) V.C. SHUKLA : MP from Raipur
Finance minister in Mrs. Gandhi's cabinet - 1971.
Minister in V.P.Singh's cabinet - 1989.
Parliamentary affairs minister in P.V. Narsimha Rao 's cabinet -1991
The only party he has not joined is the BJP.
INDIA BEATS THE WORLD IN SETTING UP COMMITTEES
348. In the last 10 years, India has set up the most number of
governmental
committees and commissions in the world . In this period the central
government set up nearly 1000 committees & commissions which have been the
`single largest drain on the national exchequer'. The figure does not
include the innumerable committees appointed by the 25 state governments .
349. The recommendations, reports and suggestions of these committees
have
rarely been taken seriously and implemented by the succesive governments.
According to Union finance ministry officials, " Even the notable among
these committees - the parliamentary panels set up to probe the Bofors gun
deal and the securities scandal - yielded little results. Both scandals
still remain unresolved.
350. There is no account on how much has been spent on these
committees.
However, according to an official estimate, the expense must have been not
less than Rs. 500 crore.
351. Many governmental committees have become white elephants. Most
committee
members, generally members , of the two Houses of Parliament, " only look
forward to foreign trips as part of their duties ". Along with these
number of commissions like national commissions for minorities, scheduled
castes and tribes are set up which are considered " toothless tigers".
352. In 1992 in a move of supreme irony, the government set up a
ministerial
group to examine how governmental deadlocks could be resolved without
setting up committess. This group recommended interministerial meetings and
asked the ministries to reduce the number of committees appointed by them.
The cabinet decided in October 95 after Dr. Manmohan Singh reportedly
convinced Narsimha Rao that a freeze on inisterial and parliamentary
committees could be one of the way to reduce growing governmental
expenditure.
PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURES
353. SESSIONS :
Both houses normally hold sessions 3 times a year :
# BUDGET SESSION - begins 2nd/3rd week of February . Ends 1st/2nd week
of May.
( The Rajya sabha adjourns for about 3 weeks in March while the Lok
Sabha
discusses Demands for Grants of various Ministries / Departments. )
# MONSOON SESSION - normally commences 2nd half of July. Ends in 1st week
of September .
OR
Commences beginning of August , concludes at the end of September.
# WINTER SESSION - starts November, ends around 3rd week of December.
Every year the 1st session of Parliament, also the 1st session of the newly
constituted Lok Sabha summoned after the General Elections commences with
the address of the President, who informs the members of both Houses
assembled together, of the major activities of the Government.
354. DURATION :
Normally the Houses sit from 11.00 hrs. to 18.00 hrs. with a lunch break
for one hour in between. In case of urgent or pressing business before the
House, the lunch hour is dispensed with and on occassions, sittings
continue even late in the night to conclude the business under discussion.
A sort of history was created when Lok Sabha continued its sitting on 30th
March 1993 till 6.20 hrs on the morning of 31st March 1993 to pass the
railway budget.
The last two & half hours of a sitting on every Friday are fixed for
Private Members ` Bills and Resolutions '. If there is no sitting of the
House on Friday, the Speaker may allot 2 & 1/2 on any other day for private
member's business.
355. QUORUM :
The quorum to constitute a sitting of either House of Parliament is one -
tenth of the total number of members of the House i.e. 55 members in Lok
Sabha and 25 in the Rajya Sabha, including the respective Presiding
Officer who must be present to make a sitting of the House.
Š356. AGENDA :
Following are some of the important items covered in the agenda of the Lok
Sabha :
1) Oath or affirmation.
2) Laying of President's address to both houses of Parliament.
3) Introduction of ministries.
4) Communication of messages from the President.
5) Intimation regarding President's assent to Bills.
6) Rulings by the Speaker.
7) Presentation of reports of Committees / laying of minutes of sittings
there of etc.
8) Bills to be introduced.
9) Consideration of passing of the Bills.
10) Half an hour Discussion.
357. LANGUAGE :
The business of the Houses is transacted in Hindi / English. However with
the permission of the Speaker, a member may address the House in any of
languages other than Hindi mentioned in the 8th Schedule of the
Constitution. On receipt of an advance notice by the Officer at the table,
arrangements are made to interpret his speech in Hindi or English.
VOTING PROCEDURE OF ARMED FORCES, DIPLOMATIC CORPS STATIONED OUTSIDE THEIR
RESPECTIVE CONSTITUENCIES :
358.
According to the sections in Representation of People Act 1950 & 1951
and the conduct of Election Rules, 1961, the ` Service Voters 'are
entitled to vote by post at any election of Parliamentary or Assembly
constituency. Following persons are in the category of Service Voters :
a) Members of the armed forces of the Union.
b) Members of an armed police forces of the state , serving outside the
state.
c) Persons employed under the Government of India or Posts outside India.
( Diplomatic Corps, Embassy Staff ).
d) The wife of any such person, if she is residing with him.
359.
All these service voters who wish to vote by post at an election are
required to send an intimation in prescribed form to the Returning Officer
at least ten days before the date of poll. On receipt of it, the Returning
Officer shall issue a postal ballot paper to them.
360.
The procedure for the voting by postal ballot requies that an elector must
record his or vote in accordance with the instructions of the Returning
Officer. In case of a service vote or his wife, it must be signed in the
presence of such officer as may be appointed in this behalf by the
commanding officer of the unit, ship or establishment in which he is
employed or such an officer as may be appointed by the diplomatic or
consular representative of India in the country in which the voter is a
resident.
361.
If a voter is under preventive detention, the declaration must be signed in
the presence of the Superintendent of the jail. If such a voter is unable to
record his vote due to illiteracy, blindness or physical infirmity, the
officer of the rank, on request , shall mark the ballot paper in accordance
with the wish of an elector. All the electors voting by postal are
requested to return their ballot paper with the declaration to the
Returning Officer on the date fixed for the poll.
ELECTIONS CANCELLED BY THE SUPREME COURT OR HIGH COURT
362.
Representation of the People Act, 1951
state wise list of number of candidates disqualified under section 10a of
the representation of the people act, 1951 till 23.09.94 :
state total no. of disqualified persons
lok sabha legislative assembly
363. bihar 557 2207
364. uttar pradesh 498 4216
365. maharashtra 311 983
366. delhi 293
367. andhra pradesh 206 445
368. madhya pradesh 188 1133
important mps & candidates whose election was struck down by the supreme
court :
369. daman & diu : rani jethmalani
370. south delhi : madan lal khurana
corruption
371.
there is no provision in the indian constitution to restrict corrupt
politicians from contesting elections. india has been placed amongst the
" most corrupt " countries in statistical index drawn up by a german non -
governmental organisation , transparency international.
372.
according to mode market research for the times of india, " nearly all
( 98 % ) of the respondents are convinced that politicians and ministers
are corrupt ". not a single cbi case involving a minister has ended in a
firm conviction in court in the last 40 years.
373.
the politician - businessmen nexus is all prevalent in indian politics. no
action was taken regarding the names of 115 politicians and bureucrats
mentioned in the famous jain diaries of the havala case for nearly three
years till a public interest interest ligitation was filed in the supreme
court.
374.
no one belives that in any governmental office or oraganisation, your work
can be done without greasing the palms of the government officials. the
public sector units like fci, bccl and pdil are also allegedly plagued by
a plethora of scandals to the tune of rs.2,733 crores in the last one
decade.
375.
the joint parliamentary committee set up to investigate the stock scam,
involving a number of ministers yeilded little result. the goldstar affair,
in which the pm narsimha raos son was involved was buried, while the broker
who ostensibly loaned money was otherwise implicated and indicted in the
report of the jpc.
376.
in the last 10 years, india has set up the most number of governmental
committees and commissions in the world costing rs 500 cr. to the
exchequer. the recommendations, reports and suggestions of these committees
have rarely been taken seriously and implemented by the successive
governments. according to union finance ministry officials, " even the
notable among these committees - the parliamentary panels set up to probe
the bofors gun deal and the securities scandal - yeilded little results.
both scandals still remain unresolved.
377.
the bofors scandal worth rs. 63 crores in which the late pm rajiv gandhi
was alleged to have accepted kickbacks was the main issue in the 1989
general election on the basis of which v.p.singhs janta dal came to power.
harshad mehta's " suitcase controversy " nearly brought the p.v.narsimha
rao government down. in the late 1970s, morarji desais government was
rocked by corruption charges of morarjis son kanti desai.
378.
that corruption & fast money has become a way of life in india is seen
from the fact that harshad mehta, the prime accused in the shares scam
became a role model for a large number of youth all over the country.
in many cities of india there are ` harshad mehta fan clubs '. harshad
mehta has 18 cbi cases pending against him and yet he is back in
business.
379.
in a drive against corruption about 8000 party workers were expelled in
the last four years in bengal cpm alone.
380.
the growing corruption amongst governmental officials was revealed from the
raid at the new delhi municipal corporations chief architect's residence
and other places in which about movable and inmmovable property worth
rs 40 crores.
381.
the issue of corruption has forced many top ministers to resign from their
posts :
p.chidambaram in the shares scandal, arun singh in the hdw submarine
scandal, a.k.anthony, kalpanath rai in the sugar scandal, sukh ram offered
to resign in the telecommunication scandal." _
price rise
378.
according to government data, there has been 100 % rise in the cost of
rice, 75 % in wheat and 35 % in cereals. the hike in the price of cooking
mediums has been 58.4 %.
379.
the average availability of food grains per person has decreased from
510 gms to 471 gms per day. this is ironical because the granaries are
full and the government plans to export 50 lakh tonnes of foodgrains.
380.
the government claims that the average earning capacity per person has
increased from 2 % to 3 %.
381.
a look at poverty in the cities :
20 % of the urban population depends on daily wages.
40 % of the urban population depands on minimum wages.
382.
the increase in the income levels has gone into the hands of only 20 % of
the population and the rest of the 80 % have become poorer.
383.
the gains of the green revolution notwithstanding, india continues to lead
the world in poverty & hunger. the absolute number of chronically
undernourished hovering around number 320 million is in fact much more than
the total population of the country at the time of independence.
384.
about 5000 chidren die of malnutrition and related diseases everyday.
385.inflation - before economic reforms:
from 1986 - 87 to 1991 : rate of inflation was 8.32 %
during the period of economic reforms :
from 1990 - 91 to 94 - 95 : rate of inflation shot up to 11.69 %
386. though the rate of inflation in wholesome price index has come down to
7 %,
this has not resulted in reduction of prices of essential commodities like
bread etc. the common man still pays the inflated prices of essential
commodities.
387.
the real estate prices in metropolitan cities like bombay witnessed a boom
in the late 1980s and the start of 1990s. the real estate boom varied from
a rise of 50 % to 100 % in all the areas ; suburbs to the main city.
388.
indias per capita gnp had always been regarded below that of sri lanka and
pakistan. but that it is dipping further, even below that of bangladesh,
which is one of the least developed and poorest countries in the world.
the world bank report puts indias per capita gnp at $ 1210 in current
international dollars in 1992 against sri lankas at $ 2810 , pakistan $ 2130
bangladesh $ 1230 & nepal at $ 1100.
unemployment
387.
the number of applicants on the live registers of the employment exchanges
have increased from 1.78 crores in 1981 to 3.63 crore in 1991.
388.
unemployment at the end of the year 1993 - 1994 was estimated at
18.5 million. there is an increase of 70 lakhs unempolyed each year
in the country.
389.
union labour minister stated on the floor of parliament that the
unemployment which was of the order of 2.3 crore during the begining of the
8th plan in 1992, is expected to increase by another 3.5 crore by the
end of the plan in 1997.
390.
in the most industrialised state, maharashtra alone there are around 2.5
million educated unemployed. according to an employment bureau official,
35,000 being engineering diploma holders, 90,000 iti trained youths and
25,000 unemployed post graduates.
391.
besides our existing 90 crore population we are adding about 1.8 crore
boys & girls per year who will require education and then empolyment in the
coming years.
392.
a mild shift has been noticed in the employment structure during the past
years. while the basic goods industry has remained steady accounting for
2 - 3 % of the total employment between 1990 and 1995 , capital good
industry's share in total employment has declined from 33 % in 1990 to 31 %
" _
in 1995. the consumer good industry has
accounted for 43 % of the total
employment structure.
393.
a survey carried out by the confederation of indian industry ( cii )
revealed that the multinationals have been actually job generators. during
1990 - 95, employment growth in the mncs has been to the tune of 3.84 %
with indirect employment growing at a rate of about 9 % per annum.
youth politics
394.
the lowering of voting age from 21 to 18 by the rajiv gandhi government,
created a new electoral group of young voters. all the political parties
made their best effort to tap this new voting group.
395.
in india, the student movement has been highly politicised with nearly
every political party having their own student political outfit :
congress ( i ) : national students union of india [ nsui ]
bjp : akhil bhartiya vidhyarti paksha [ abvp ]
communist parties : student federation of india [ sfi ]
janta dal : yuva janta dal [ yjd ]
396.
in the 1970s student movements inspired by jayprakash narayan, like
nav nirman movement in gujarat & bihar brought down the respective state
governments.
397.
in assam, the student movement led by p.k.mahanto was sufficiently strong
to ultimately form a government of student leaders in the state.
398.
in madhubani and samastipur cities of bihar, students agitated for a right
to copy in examinations. four students died in police firing during the
agitation.
399.
one of the first announcement of mulayam singh yadav after coming back to"
_
power in uttar pradesh was to strike down
the anti - copy act brought in
by the previous bjp government. this was done to appease the youth.
400.
in bombay, elections in the universities & colleges were cancelled on
account of violent incidents of murders of candidates in the elections and
rioting amongst rival political youth groups.
criminalisation of politics
401.
according to a home department report, there are cases of heinous
crimes, including rape and murder, pending against 52 sitting mlas in uttar
pradesh. the samajwadi party heads the list 25 , the bjp has 15 and the
bahujan samaj party had four.
402.
an independent mla from srivalliputhur, r. thanaraikani has 25 criminal
cases registered against him.
403.
the district magistrate of gopalganj district in bihar, g. krishnaiah was
lynched by a mob led by bihar peoples party chief anand mohan and lovely
anand.
404.
independent mla ashok veer vikram alias bhaiya raja won his seat won his
seat from jail.
405.
in 1977, the bihar assembly had 10 mlas who were history sheeters ; by
1990 there 40. in uttar pradesh over 180 of the 425 mlas have criminal
cases pending against them.
406.
a bsp legislator in uttar pradesh, umakant yadav, who has 44 criminal
cases pending again him and who allegedly shot dead a police in full view
of hundreds of people is today a free man.
407." _ according to a confidential report prepared by the uttar pradesh home
department, as many as 222 of the states politicians, who are extended
police protection at a cost of rs. 25 lakhs a month are history sheeters.
of these :
77 belong to the bjp. 25 to mulayam singhs samajwadi party.
40 to the congress.
408.
in maharashtra. election tickets were granted to history - sheeters :
pappu kalani & hitendra thakur - congress [ i ]
neeta naik - shiv sena
409.
the vohra report set up to investigate the politician - criminal nexus
which was tabled in the parliament failed to fix either accountability or
blame. no politician was mentioned though the report claimed that " crime
syndicates flourish under political patronage ".
the government has a lackadaisical approach towards breaking the nexus
which is " virtually running a parallel government, pushing the state
apparatus into irrelevance ".
a report on the nexus between the bombay police and the city's underworld
had been prepared by the cbi as far back as 1986.
in certain states like bihar, haryana and uttar pradesh, crime syndicates
enjoy the protection of government functionaries and the patronage of
politicians, cutting across party lines.
407. according to a confidential report prepared by the uttar pradesh home
department, as many as 222 of the states politicians, who are extended
police protection at a cost of rs. 25 lakhs a month are history sheeters.
of these :
77 belong to the bjp. 25 to mulayam singhs samajwadi party.
40 to the congress.
408.
in maharashtra. election tickets were granted to history - sheeters :
pappu kalani & hitendra thakur - congress [ i ]
neeta naik - shiv sena
409.
the vohra report set up to investigate the politician - criminal nexus
which was tabled in the parliament failed to fix either accountability or
blame. no politician was mentioned though the report claimed that " crime
syndicates flourish under political patronage ".
* the government has a lackadaisical approach towards breaking the nexus
which is " virtually running a parallel government, pushing the state
apparatus into irrelevance ".
* a report on the nexus between the bombay police and the city's underworld
had been prepared by the cbi as far back as 1986.
* in certain states like bihar, haryana and uttar pradesh, crime syndicates
enjoy the protection of government functionaries and the patronage of
politicians, cutting across party lines.
410.
q. 2 & 6
the most important issues that indians would like to tackle :
1) crime and lawlessness
2) inflation and high prices
3) recession and unemployment
4) quality of education
5) corruption in government
411.
india has among the world's highest proportion of people who have voted in
an election. around 65 % indians voted in the 1991 lok sabha elections as
against 55% of the united states.
412.
about 10% of indians have worked for political parties than the americans
( 5% ) or europeans ( average 3 - 4% ).
413.
the most important activities of indians :
1) voting in an election
2) attending meeting on town affairs
3) having a political discussion
4) signing a petition
5) donation to a political group.
414. 78 % of the voters said that they were happy with the way the country was
being governed and did not want a change.
415. 75 % of the voters believed that the levels of corruption in politics had
worsened over the past 5 years. a little more than half the people agreed
that reports about corruption in politivs no longer came as a surprise.
416. most independent candidates :
in 1984 elections out of the 5493 contestants, 3878 candidates were
independent candidates. only 5 independents were elected.
417. * first filmstar cm : mgr, tamil nadu
n.t. rama rao
418. in the last ten general elections,not once has the ruling party has been
able to get an absolute majority in terms of popular votes polled i.e
50% of the total votes polled. in the 8th lok sabha election, the
percentage of votes polled by the congress was 49 %. it was translated into
419 seats ( 85 % of the lok sabha seats )
419. the word ` political party ' was for the first time used in the 52nd
amendment of the constitution , which dealt with political defections.
[1] ARTICLES AND EXPLANATIONS[1]
1. There is a constitutional obligation to reveal to the Parl. whether the
President is being properly advised and informed or not.
2. An MP can be suspended by the Speaker under Art. 113 for 15 days.
3. Under Art. 75(3), the cabinet is responsible to LS and hence an
unfavourable vote in RS cannot oust a Govt. from power.
4. Under Art.109(1), Money bills are initiated in the LS and under clause
(2), such bills can be merely delayed for 14 days by the RS.
5. Under Art.103(1), Ordinary bills require a joint sitting in case of
differences between the two houses. But the Speaker of LS can preside
over it and not the Chairman of the RS.
6. Impeachment of the President can take place under Art. 61, and both LS
and RS should agree.
7. Both LS and RS should agree to dismiss The Chief Election Commissioner
and the Supreme Court and High Court Judges.
8. Both LS and RS should agree to amend the Constitution under Art. 368.
9. The three financial committees, the Public Accounts Comm., the Estimates
Comm., the Comm. on Public undertaking cannot enquire into the Govt.'s
spending before the Govt.'s expenditure takes place.
10. Parliamentary Comm. have the power inter alia to call for persons
and compel attendance. The accused in the case cannot be compelled to
speak out or answer questions against himself.
11. In the Indian Parl., we have 30 to 35 Consultative Comm.,18 House
Comm., including Finance Comm., and 17 Dept. related standing Comm.
12. Under People's Representation Act 1951 Section 127 A states that all
posters and hanbills must bear the names and addresses of the printer
and publisher. The printer must also obtain an identity certificate
signed by the publisher and attested by two persons. Moreover the
certificate copy must be sent alongwith each poster for approval to
the Election Commission.
FOREIGN PARLIAMENT
1. The Constitution of Pakistan provides for a Constructive Vote of Confidence. A Govt. cannot be thrown out by motion of NO-CONFIDENCE VOTE unless it also names the successor. But this provision has been of little avail.
2. The Question Time in UK is from 2.45 pm to 3.30 pm from Mon to Thurs.
3. The British PM answers for 15 minutes from 3.15 pm onwards on Tues and Thurs
4. In the post WW II the British House of Commons had been completing 50 question per sitting ie 45 minutes, whereas the Indian parliament covers at an average only 4 question in an hour.
5. In U.K. parliamentarians are eligible for an allowance of (_ 40,480 p.a. towards office costs. And member of U.S. Congress receive a clerk allowance of $ 4.75,060 p.a. besides 2500 sq.ft of office space, free stationery and free use of senate computer centre and vdo recrdg centre.
6. The British parliament does not have any written constitution.
7. The U.S. Constitutionis the oldest written constitution in the world.
8. The committee system in parliament was started in U.K. only in 1979.
9. In America each state sends two representatives to the senate irrespective of the population size of the states.
10. The house of lords comprises of about 1100 members but each sitting is attended only by about 50 to 80 members.
11. The U.S. govt switched over from indirect to direct elections for its Upper House in 1913.
12. In the U.S. politics a person can be elected to the office of President for two terms only.
13. In two hundred years the U.S. Const. has been amended only 26 times and of this only four brought fundamental changes. One to end slavery, two others guaranteed right to vote and the fourght altered balance of power between state and federal govt.
14. In its first 150 years, The U.S. Congress had enacted 24000 laws.