Serop2's Conscientious Action Page
Updated May 25, 2002
The struggle
for social justice is complex; often, we unknowingly support the evils
against which we are fighting. Although it is impossible for any
one person to solve all the world's problems individually, all of us should
try our best not to further the injustices we see. One of the greatest
problems facing our world today is the mass exploitation of workers.
Ever since the Industrial Revolution, large companies have sought to pay
as little as possible to the fworkers who produce the products these companies
sell. Over time, though, both workers and the governments of the
countries in which they worked tried to put an end to exploitation by the
twin means of unionization and labor legislation.
Thankfully,
both unions and labor laws have eradicated exploitation in most of Western
Europe--and to some degree, in the United States--but the new global market
has opened the doors for the exploitation of the peoples of developing
countries all over the world. Without the benefit of either unions
or effective labor laws, these peoples toil, often silently, in wretched
conditions that we in the Western world would never accept in our own countries--if
we knew about them. This corporate colonialism has had horrid effects
on people's lives. Many workers are not allowed to take breaks, use
rest rooms, or even stand up at their jobs without risking being fired.
The wages these people earn are obviously much lower than what they would
be in the closely monitored parts of the developed world, and many workers
do not earn enough to even support their families.
One of
the best examples of this exploitation is the current situation in the
US territory of Saipan. Because it is a US territory, products made
in Saipan can legally carry the "Made in the USA" logo. Unfortunately,
Saipan is the only US territory in which federal labors laws do not apply.
What is worse, many of the workers there are indentured servants.
"Recruiting" companies from Japan often lure poor Chinese women with the
promise that they will be taken to the United States and given good jobs.
These women then pay a large fee for transportation, but instead of being
taken to the continental US, they are shipped to Saipan. There, they
are required to work either as factory workers in sweatshops or as prostitutes
in the territory's booming sex industry. Many of these young women
(often as young as fourteen years old) wish they could go home to their
native countries, but they are not allowed to because they have signed
contracts forbidding them from doing so. The factories in which they
work are rarely unionized, and those who call for unionization are often
abused verbally, physically, and sexually.
I created
this web page because I think it's important for people to know that the
clothes they wear, the appliances they use, and the food they eat may be
the end result of a complex system of exploitation. Unfortunately,
most of us never know that we're participating in this exploitation because
very few people talk about it. Our corparate media have almost completely
ignored the literally tens of thousands of workers being exploited around
the world for our benefit. One of the biggest reasons you'll never
hear anything about this issue on television news is that networks are
sponsored by the companies that have the worst records of human rights
abuses.
The first
step in understanding any problem is to learn as much about it as possible.
At the bottom of this page, there are links to other sites explaining specific
labor and environmental issues. Once we know which companies are
guilty of exploitation, it is important for us to make our voices heard
to these companies. And the best way to do this is the phone, fax,
email, and write the CEOs of these corporations. A single complaint
to a company like Nike or Gap will not do much, but if many people complain,
then these companies will start to listen; the last thing they want is
a public relations disaster.
The next
(and most difficult) step in refusing to participate in exploitation is
to become a conscientious consumer. This means boycotting companies
whose workers have called official boycotts and being generally aware of
the products you buy and where (and how) they were made. To reverse
the famous Nike motto: Just don't do it. Don't be a blind consumer.
Read the tags. Pay attention to the people handing out flyers outside
of malls and retail stores. Shop accordingly. Let me emphasize
that the goal of leafleting and boycotting is not punishment of guilty
companies. We are not calling for an end to business; we are calling
for an end to exploitative business.
Below
is a list of companies that I keep my eye on. Depending on how much
time I have in the near future, I will try to update this list whenever
possible. By the time you read this list, some of these companies
may have changed their practices. Check the date at the top of this
page and try to find a more updated list if this page is more than a month
old. With each company, I have included the following information
whenever possible: names, postal and email addresses, phone and fax
numbers, and whether an official boycott has been called against this company.
(See the Quick Boycott List section.)
I have also given a summary of my reasons for being wary of and/or boycotting
each company. This list is not set in stone, and there are bound
to be mistakes. Please email
me or sign
the guestbook if you have any new information or if you have any
questions or comments about this list.
As I mentioned
earlier, the above list is probably far from complete, so it is important
to always stay informed by visiting other sites (some are listed below)
and to pay attention to the news. Labor issues rarely make it into
the mainstream media, but when they do, you can be pretty sure that the
violations are serious. Many people ask me what they should do with
the products they have already purchased from boycotted companies.
If you have already bought something from a particular company, you have
already supported that company, so using the product in the future does
not really hurt anyone. Some people throw away the products they
already have, but I see this as needless waste. If you're worried
that you're advertising for a company by wearing its clothing, you can
always alter the clothes so that the logo doesn't show or make your own
design. (For example, you can write the word sucks under the
Nike logo.) And if you still don't want to wear your Nike clothes
anymore, then give them to the poor. That way, at least someone will
benefit from them. Finally, boycotts only apply to newly bought products,
so buying clothes or CDs secondhand will not give any money to the original
producers.
I have received
criticism saying that this page is too negative and asking why I don't
offer possible solutions; raising awareness about what's wrong is the first
step in improving any situation. And although these boycotts are
negative (not buying something), their message is positive.
That is why it is so important to contact these companies and tell them
you're boycotting and why. That way, you're trying to enact a solution.
If you still want solutions, the best advice I can offer you is to look
for clothing with Union Made labels. There is also a list of union
made products at Union Label &
Service Trades Department. The organizations and individuals
below may also have information about what you should purchase.
Actors'
Equity Association
165 W. 46th
St.
New York,
NY 10036
15th Fl.
(212) 869-8530
Fax:
(212) 719-9815
[email protected]
Adbusters
Magazine--The
Media Foundation
1243 West 7th Ave.
Vancouver, BC V6H 1B7
Canada
(800) 663-1243
(604) 736-9401
Fax: (604) 737-6021
[email protected]
Alternative
Radio (AR)
P.O. Box 551
Boulder, CO 80306
(800) 444-1977
[email protected]
American
Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO)
815 16th
St., N.W.
Washington,
DC 20006
(202) 637-5000
Fax:
(202) 637-5058
[email protected]
American
Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)
260 Madison Ave.
New York, NY 10016-2402
(212) 532-0800
Fax: (212) 532-2242
American History Sweatshop Exhibition
Amnesty
International
322 8th Ave.
New York, NY 10001
(212) 807-8400
Fax: (212) 463-9193
Fax: (212) 627-1451
[email protected]
Anti-Slavery
International
Thomas Clarkson House
The Stableyard
Broomgrove Road
London SW9 9TL
UK
+44 (0)20 7501 8920
Fax: +44 (0)20 7738 4110
[email protected]
Asian Immigrant Women Advocates
310 Eighth St., #301
(510) 268-0192
Fax: (510) 268-0194
[email protected]
Asian
Pacific American Labor Alliance (APALA)
815 16th St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 974-8051
Fax: (202) 974-8056
[email protected]
Baby
Food Action Campaign
Narelle
Clark
[email protected]
Bakery,
Confectionery, Tobacco Workers and Grain Millers International Union (BCTGM)
10401 Connecticut Ave.
Kensington, MD 20895
(301) 933-8600
[email protected]
Ballona
Wetlands Land Trust
P.O. Box 5623
Los Angeles, CA 90296
(310) 338-1413
Fax: (310) 399-2920
[email protected]
BehindTheLabel.org
c/o ATMedia
37 W. 20th St., Ste. 1007
New York, NY 10011
(212) 463-7437
[email protected]
Burma
Campaign UK
Third Fl.
Bickerton
House
25/27 Bickerton
Rd.
London
N19 5JT
UK
0207 281
7377
Fax:
0207 272 3559
[email protected]
The
Bus Riders Union
3780 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 1200
Los Angeles, CA 90010
(213) 387-2800
Fax: (213) 387-3500
[email protected]
Californians
for Justice
755 Pine Ave.
Long Beach, CA 90813
(562) 951-1015
Fax: (562) 951-9444
[email protected]
Campaign
for Labor Rights
1247 E Street,
S.E.
Washington,
DC 20003
(541) 344-5410
Fax:
(541) 431-0523
[email protected]
Care for the Caregivers:
United Food and Commercial Workers Union
1775 K St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 466-1525
Fax: (202) 466-1562
Central
American Resource Center (CARECEN)
Angela Sanbrano, Executive Director
(213) 385-7800, ext. 154
Fax: (213) 385-1094
http://www.carecen-la.org/email.html
Citizen Trade Campaign
Washington, DC
(202) 879-4298
Clean
Clothes Campaign
P.O. Box
11584
1001 GN
Amsterdam
The Netherlands
+31-20-4122785
Fax:
+31-20-4122786
[email protected]
Coalition
to Abolish the Fur Trade (CAFT)
P.O. Box 21780
Washington, DC 20009
(202) 328-0736
Fax: (202) 328-0774
[email protected]
Coalition
for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles (CHIRLA)
Luke E. Williams, Jr., Executive
Director
1521 Wilshire Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90017
(213) 353-1333
Fax: (213) 353-1344
[email protected]
Coalition
for Justice in the Maquiladoras
530 Bandera Rd.
San Antonio, TX 78228
(210) 732-8957
Fax: (210) 732-8324
[email protected]
Coalition
of Immokalee Workers
P.O. Box 603
Immokalee, FL 34143
(941) 657-8311
Fax: (941) 657-5055
[email protected]
Coalition LA
2500 Wilshire Blvd., #908
Los Angeles, CA 90057
(213) 637-0313
Communications
Workers of America (CWA)
501 3rd St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20001-2797
(202) 434-1100
Fax: (202) 434-1279
[email protected]
Communities
for a Better Environment (CBE)
5610 Pacific Blvd., Ste. 203
Huntington Park, CA 90255
(323) 826-9771
Fax: (323) 826-7079
[email protected]
Community
Coalition, South Central Youth Empowered through Action (SC-YEA)
8101 S. Vermont Ave.
Los Angeles, CA 90044
(323) 750-9087
Fax: (323) 750-9640
[email protected]
Co-op
America
1612 K St., N.W.
Ste. 600
Washington, DC 20006
(800) 58-GREEN
Fax: (202) 331-8166
Corporate
Watch
[email protected]
Delmarva Poultry Justice Alliance
Rev. Jim Lewis
257 Oyster Shell Cove
Bethany Beach, DE 19930
(302) 537-5318
[email protected]
Democracy
Now!
[email protected]
Development Gap
Attn: Karen Hansen-Kuhn
927 15th St., N.W., 4th Fl.
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 898-1566
Diane Middleton Foundation
461 W. 6th St., #222
San Pedro, CA 90731-2749
(310) 519-7555
Dignity, Rights and Respect Nursing
Home Campaign, Service Employees International Union (SEIU)
1313 L St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 898-3386
Fax: (202) 989-3403
Educating
for Justice
Press for Change
415 5th Ave.
Belmar, NJ 07719
[email protected]
Families
to Amend California's Three-Strikes (FACTS)
FACTS
3982 S. Figueroa St., #210
Los Angeles, CA 90037
(213) 746-4844
Fax: (213) 746-4944
[email protected]
Farm
Labor Organizing Committee (FLOC)
1221 Broadway
Toledo, OH 43609
(419) 243-3456
Fax: (419) 243-5655
[email protected]
Free
Burma Coalition
1101 Pennsyvlania Ave., S.E.,
#204
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-5985
[email protected]
Free
Speech Radio News (FSRN)
[email protected]
GABRIELA Network, Los Angeles Chapter
P.O. Box 3032
Cerritos, CA 90703-3032
(213) 307-3696
[email protected]
Gainesville Poultry Justice Alliance
St. Michael's Church
1440 Pearce Cir.
Gainesville, GA 30501
(770) 534-3338
Garment
Worker Center
1250 S. Los Angeles St., Ste.
206
Los Angeles, CA 90015
(888) 449-6115
[email protected]
Global
Exchange
2017 Mission
St., #303
San Francisco,
CA 94110
(415) 255-7296
[email protected]
The
Greenlining Institute
785 Market
St., 3rd Fl.
San Francisco,
CA 94103
(415) 284-7200
Fax:
(415) 284-7210
[email protected]
Greenwood
Watershed Association
P.O. Box
90
Elk, CA
95432
(707) 877-3405
[email protected]
Greenpeace
702 H St., N.W., Ste. 300
Washington, DC 20001
(800) 326-0959
(202) 462-1177
Fax: (202) 462-4507
[email protected]
Hotel
Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union (HERE)
1219 28th St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20007
(202) 393-4373
Fax: (202) 333-0468
[email protected]
HERE Local 1
Terrence P. Maloney, Secretary
55 W. Van Buren St., 4th Fl.
Chicago, IL 60605
(312) 663-4373
Fax: (312) 986-3828
HERE Local 2
Mike Casey, President
209 Golden Gate Ave.
San Francisco, CA 94102
(415) 864-8770
Fax: (415) 864-4158
HERE
Local 17
312 Central Ave., #444
Minneapolis, MN 55414
(612) 379-4730
Fax: (612) 379-8698
[email protected]
HERE Local 30
Jef L. Eatchel, Secretary
121 Juniper St.
San Diego, CA 92101
(619) 233-4373
Fax: (619) 233-4394
HERE Local 40
Nick Worhaug, President
#100-4853 E. Hastings St.
Burnaby, BC V5C 2L1
Canada
(604) 291-8211
Fax: (604) 291-2676
HERE Local 49
Joseph A. McLaughlin, President
1824 Tribute Rd.
Ste. D
Sacramento, CA 95815
(916) 564-4949
Fax: (916) 564-4950
HERE Local 483
Leonard P. O'Neill, Secretary
702 Forest Ave.
Ste. C
Pacific Grove, CA 93950
(831) 375-2246
Fax: (831) 375-0459
HERE Local 2850
Jim DuPont, President
548 20th St.
Oakland, CA 94612
(510) 893-3181
Fax: (510) 893-5362
Independent
Media Center (IMC)
[email protected]
Infact
46 Plympton St.
Boston, MA 02118
(617) 695-2525
Fax: (617) 695-2626
[email protected]
Institute
for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research (ISBER)
Evely Laser Shlensky
(805) 969-5388
[email protected]
Prof. Richard Appelbaum
(805) 893-7230
[email protected]
Interfaith Center for Corporate
Responsibility
475 Riverside Dr.
Rm. 550
New York, NY 10115
(212) 870-2928
Fax: (212) 870-2023
International
Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers (IAM)
9000 Machinists Pl.
Upper Marlboro, MD 20772-2687
(301) 967-4500
http://www.iamaw.org/feedback.asp
International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW)
1125 15th St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20005
(202) 833-7000
Fax: (202) 467-6316
[email protected]
International
Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT)
25 Louisiana Ave., N.W.
Washington, DC 20001
ATTN: Communications/Website
(202) 624-6800
International
Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU)
1188 Franklin St., 4th Fl.
San Francisco, CA 94109
(415) 775-0533
Fax: (415) 775-1302
[email protected]
International
Rivers Network
1847 Berkeley Wy.
Berkeley, CA 94703-9948
(510) 848-1155
Fax: (510) 848-1008
[email protected]
International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers (IUE)
InterReligious Task Force on Central
America (IRTF)
3606 Bridge Ave.
Cleveland, OH 44113
(216) 961-0003
Fax: (216) 961-0002
[email protected]
Jewish Labor Committee
25 E. 21st St.
New York, NY 10010
Jobs
with Justice
501 3rd St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20001-2797
(202) 434-1106
Fax: (202) 434-1477
[email protected]
Just Economics
1600 Shattuck Ave., #124
Berkeley, CA 94709
(510) 548-4760
[email protected]
Korean
Immigrant Workers Advocate (KIWA)
3465 W.
8th St., 2nd Fl.
Los Angeles,
CA 90005
(213) 738-9050
Fax:
(213) 738-9919
[email protected]
KPFA
1929 Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Wy.
Berkeley, CA 94704
(510) 848-6767
(510) 848-4425
Fax: (510) 848-3812
[email protected]
KPFK
3729 Cahuenga Blvd., W.
North hollywood, CA 91604
(818) 985-2711
(818) 985-5735
Fax: (818) 763-7526
[email protected]
Labor
Party
P.O. Box 53177
Washington, DC 20009
(202) 234-5190
Fax: (202) 234-5266
[email protected]
Labour Behind the Label Coalition
c/o Maquila Solidarity Network
606 Shaw St.
Toronto, Ontario
Canada, M6G 3L6
(416) 532-8584
Fax: (416) 532-7688
[email protected]
Latin America Working Group
110 Maryland Ave., N.E.
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 546-7010
Major
League Baseball Players Association
12 E. 49th St., 24th Fl.
New York, NY 10017
(212) 826-0808
Fax: (212) 752-4378
Maquiladora
Health & Safety Support Network
P.O. Box 124
Berkeley, CA 94701-0124
(510) 558-1014
Fax: (510) 525-8951
[email protected]
Marin Health Fund/Public Media
Initiative
P.O. Box 5402
Mill Valley, CA 94942
Linda Remy
[email protected]
Mexico
Solidarity Network
1247 E St., S.E.
Washington, DC 20003
(202) 544-9355
[email protected]
Mobilization
for the Human Family
1325 N. College Ave.
Claremont, CA 91711-3199
(909) 625-8722
Fax: (909) 625-1820
[email protected]
Movimiento
Estudiantil Chicana y Chicano de Aztlan (MEChA) de UCLA
MEChA de UCLA
308 Westwood Plaza
414 Kerckhoff Hall
Los Angeles, CA 90024
(310) 206-6452
[email protected]
National
Farm Worker Ministry
Ms. Virginia Nesmith
438 N. Skinker Blvd.
St. Louis, MO 63130
(314) 726-6470
Mobile Phone: (314) 323-4002
Fax: (314) 726-6427
[email protected]
National
Interfaith Committee for Worker Justice
1020 West Bryn Mawr Ave., 4th
Fl.
Chicago, IL 60660
(773) 728-8400
Fax: (773) 728-8409
[email protected]
National
Labor Committee
275 17th Ave., 15th Fl.
New York, NY 10001
(212) 242-3002
[email protected]
National
Mobilization Against SweatShops (NMASS)
P.O. Box
130293
New York,
NY 10013-0995
(718) 633-9757
Fax:
(718) 437-6991
[email protected]
Nicaragua Network
(202) 544-9355
[email protected]
North Carolina AFL-CIO
P.O. Box 10805
Raleigh, NC 27605
(919) 833-6678
Fax: (919) 828-2102
[email protected]
North Carolina Council of Churches
1307 Glenwood Ave., Ste. 162
Raleigh, NC 27605
(919) 828-6501 or (919) 828-6542
Fax: (919) 828-9697
[email protected]
North Carolina Poultry Justice
Alliance
Ms. Deb Young
1556 Lamont Norwood Rd.
Pittsboro, NC 27312
Phone/Fax: (919) 929-6104
Pacifica
Foundation
2390 Champlain St., N.W.
Washington, DC 20009
(202) 588-0999
[email protected]
People of Faith and Organized Labor
Rev. Ted Erickson
HC 64 Box 62B
Ligonier, PA 15658
People
United for a Better Oakland (PUEBLO)
1920 Park Blvd.
Oakland, CA 94606
(510) 452-2010
Fax: (510) 452-2017
[email protected]
Pilipino
Workers' Center (PWC)
Phone/Fax: (213) 384-8014
Pineros
y Campesinos Unidos del Noroeste (PCUN)
300 Young St.
Woodburn, OR 97071
(503) 982-0243
Fax: (503) 982-1031
[email protected]
Progressive
Jewish Alliance
5870 W. Olympic Blvd.
Los Angeles, CA 90036
(323) 761-8350
Fax: (323) 761-8355
[email protected]
Progressive
Los Angeles Network (PLAN)
PLAN
UEPI
Occidental College
1600 Campus Rd.
Los Angeles, CA 90041
(323) 259-1458
Fax: (323) 259-2734
[email protected]
rainforest
Action Network (RAN)
221 Pine
St., Ste. 500
San Francisco,
CA 94104
(415) 398-4404
Fax:
(415) 398-2732
[email protected]
Resource
Center of the Americas
3019 Minnehaha Ave.
Minneapolis, MN 55406
(612) 276-0788
San
Juan Citizens Alliance (SJCA)
c/o Western Colorado Congress
Attn: Gwen Lachelt
863 1/2 Maine Ave.
P.O. Box 2461
Durango, CO 81302
(970) 259-3583
Fax: (970) 259-8303
[email protected]
Save
America's Water
P.O. Box 573
Shawano, WI 54166
(715) 524-5998
Fax: (715) 524-9958
[email protected]
savepacifica
[email protected]
Screen
Actors Guild (SAG)
5757 Wilshire
Blvd.
Los Angeles,
CA 90036-3600
(323) 954-1600
Fax:
(323) 549-6603
SEIU
Local 1877
1247 W. 7th St.
Los Angeles, CA 90017
(213) 680-9567
Fax: (213) 488-0328
The
Sierra Club
85 Second St., 2nd Fl.
San Francisco, CA 94105-3441
(415) 977-5500
Fax: (415) 977-5799
[email protected]
Students
for a Free Tibet, Inc.
735 E. 9th St., #1FW
New York, NY 10009
(212) 358-0071
[email protected]
Student Stop Sweatshops
(202) 785-5690 ext. 231
[email protected]
Swarthmore
Conscious Consumers
[email protected]
Sweatshop
Watch/Vietnam Labor Watch
310 8th St., Ste. 309
Oakland, CA 94607
(510) 834-8990
Fax: (510) 834-8974
[email protected]
Tourism
Concern
Stapleton House
277-281 Holloway Rd.
London
N7 8HN
UK
020 7753 3330
020 7753 3331
UCLA
Environmental Coalition
(310) 206-4438
[email protected]
Union Label & Service Trades Department
Union
of Needletrades, Industrial, and Textile Employees (UNITE)
275 7th Ave., 15th Fl.
New York, NY 10001
(212) 265-7000
Fax: (212) 265-3415
United
Farm Workers of America
United Farm Workers of America,
AFL-CIO
Attn.: Public Action
P.O. Box 62
Keene CA, 93531
(805) 822-5571
[email protected]
U.S./Labor
Education in the Americas Project (U.S./LEAP)
P.O. Box 268-290
Chicago, IL 60626
(773) 262-6502
Fax: (773) 262-6602
Joan
Axthelm
United
Steelworkers of America (USWA)
AFL-CIO Western Region
1355 Sutter St., Ste. 105
San Francisco, CA 94109
(415) 292-1409
United
Students Against Sweatshops (USAS)
Attn: Ginny Coughlin
1710 Broadway
New York, NY 10019
(212) 265-7000 (ext. 821)
(202) 667-9328
[email protected]
WebActive
RealNetworks, Inc.
2601 Elliott Ave.
Seattle, WA 98121
Fax: (206) 674-2696
http://www.webactive.com/send-letter.html
Westside
Greens
2809 Pico Blvd.
Santa Monica, CA 90405
(310) 449-1882
[email protected]
Wetlands
Action Network
P.O. Box 1145
Malibu, CA 90265
(310) 456-5604
Fax: (310) 456-5612
[email protected]
Women
of Color Resource Center
2288 Fulton St., Ste. 103
Berkeley, CA 94704-1449
(510) 848-9272
Fax: (510) 548-3474
[email protected]
Worker
Rights Consortium (WRC)
P.O. Box 33695
Washington, DC 20033-3695
Fax: (202) 778-4519
[email protected]
Working People's Law Center
1475 Echo Park Ave.
Los Angeles, CA 90026
(213) 250-5500
A boycott is only effective if people actually make a conscious effort to avoid buying certain products and services. To make it easier for concerned individuals to respect various boycotts, I have compiled a list of all the boycotted companies on this page. Click here to download this list (available in rich text format). This list does not include all the companies I have mentioned--only those with official boycotts called against them.
Please feel free
to sign the guestbook. I appreciate all thoughtful comments, whether
congratulatory, critical, or a combination of the two. I am especially
interested in hearing information that might contradict what I have presented
here. Also, if you know of companies or campaigns that I have failed
to mention, please let me know.
