Semester 3

Electronics I

Application of diodes as rectifiers

Filter analysis and specifications of the devices and components required for C, L, LC, CLC & RC filters. Single and double ended clipping circuits, clamping circuits.

Bipolar Junction Transistors

Introduction to biasing, modelling, Derivation and analysis of different types of transistor models, viz. h-parameter model, r-parameter model, hybrid pi model, high frequency model. Analysis of biasing circuits, fixed bias, collector to base bias and voltage divider bias. Calculation of stability factors. Thermal stabilisation and compensation, thermal runaway. Amplification, derivation of expressions for voltage gain, current gain, input impedance and output impedance of CC, CB & CE amplifiers.

Field Effect Transistors

Characteristics and coefficients, biasing circuits for FET amplifiers, AC equivalent circuit of FET. Derivation of expressions for voltage gain and output impedance of CS, CD & CG amplifiers.

BJT as a switch

Analysis in transient and steady state.

Design of CE and CS single stage amplifiers

Designing using data sheets of appropriate components.

Voltage Regulators

Analysis of Zener, Series and shunt type of regulators.

Electrical Materials and Components.

Materials for resistors

Carbon, wire wound, film etc., conductors and switches, electrical conductivity of alloys, colour code for resistors, elastic and plastic deformation of solids, strain hardening, brittleness, fibre structure and directional properties, annealing, hot and cold working, soldering, brazing and welding process and materials, fluxes.

Semiconductors

Conduction process in semiconductor, electrical conductivity of p and n type semiconductors, diffusion process, pn junction and current flow in pn junction., breakdown in pn junction, hall effect and its measurements.

Crystal growth (especially epitaxial growth) and I.C. fabrication.

Materials for photoconductive, photoemissive and solar cell.

Dielectric properties of insulators.

In static fields, polarization and dielectric constant. Dielectric constant of gases. The internal field in solids and liquids. Spontaneous polarization, ferroelectric materials. Types and values of condensers, temperature compensation, electrolytic capacitors.

Insulators - dielectric properties, permitting polarization, dielectric loss, non linear dielectric material, piezo electricity, ferro electricity, breakdown of solid insulators.

Magnetic properties of materials

The magnetic dipole moment of current loop, diamagnetism, origin of permanent dipole moment in matter. Paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, hysteresis, spontaneous magnetisation and Curie- Weiss law.Ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic materials and the effect of hardening.

Components

Resistors, thermistors, varistors, selenium surge suppresors, variable resistors, potentiometers, variable capacitors, characteristics of capacitors, inductors, transformers for If and Hf applications, relays, fuses, characteristics, heat sink materials, switches, connectors.

Numerical Methods

Errors in Numerical Computation.

Their types, analysis and estimation, numerical instabilities in computation.

Solutions to Transcendental and Polynomial equations.

Bisection method, secant method, Regula Falsi method, Newton Raphson method for polynomial equations.

Solutions to System of Linear Algebraic Equations.

Cramers rule, Gauss elimination method, Gauss Jordan method, Triangularization methods- Gauss Siedel method of iteration.

Interpolation and Approximation.

Linear interpolation and high order interpolation using Lagrange and Newton Interpolation methods, finite difference operators and interpolation polynomials using finite differences. Approximations- least square approximation technique, linear regression.

Numerical Differentiation.

Methods based on interpolation and finite differences.

Numerical Integration.

Trapezoidal rule, mid-point method, Simpsons 1/3rd and 3/8th rule.

Solutions to ordinary differential equations.

Taylor series method, Picards method of successive approximation. Eulers method, Eulers predictor and corrector method. Runge Kutta method for 2nd and 4th order. Initial and boundary value problems.

Numerical Optimisation.

Golden section search, Brents method, minimisation using derivatives, introduction to linear programming

Computer Methodology And Algorithms

Data Structures

Arrays, Sets, Linked Lists (singly linked, doubly linked, circular), Stacks, Queues

Sorting & Searching Methods

Sorting methods: Bubble, Insertion, Selection, Quick, Merge, Heap, Shaker, Shell, Radix, Tree sorting

Searching methods: Linear, Binary, Hashing

Analysis of efficiency and complexity of algorithms (Big-O notation)

Trees, Graphs

Binary & k-ary trees, complete and balanced trees, Search trees, Tree traversal (inorder, postorder, preorder)

Graph traversal (breadth-first, depth-first)

Warshall’s algorithm to compute Transitive closure, Dijkstra’s Shortest path algorithm, Minimum spanning tree (Prim’s greedy and Kruskal’s algorithm)

Introduction to Branch & Bound Methods

NP-complete, NP-hard problems

Algorithms

Backtracking: Knapsack, N-Queens problem

Dynamic Programming: Graph Coloring

Travelling Salesman problem

Matrices, Random Number Generation, Permutations, Combinations,

Applied Mathematics III

Complex Variables.

Functions of complex variables, continuity( only statement ), derivability of a function, analytical regular function, necessary condition for a function to be analytic, statement of sufficient conditions, Cauchy Riemann equations in polar co-ordinates. Harmonic functions, orthogonal trajectories, Analytical and Milne Thomson method to find f(z) from its real or imaginary part.

Mapping- conformal mapping, linear and bilinear mapping with geometrical interpretations.

Fourier Series and Integrals.

Orthogonal and orthonormal functions, expression of a function in a series of orthogonal functions, sine and cosine functions and their orthogonality properties. Fourier series, Drichlet conditions ( only statement ), periodic functions, even and odd functions, half range sine and cosine series,Parsevals relation

Complex form of Fourier series, introduction to Fourier integral, relation with Laplace transform.

Laplace Transforms.

Function of bounded variable (statement only), Laplace transforms of 1, at, exp( at ), sin( at ), cos( at ), sinh( at ), cosh( at ), erf( t ), shifting properties, expressions with proofs for L { t f(t) }, L {f(t)/t }, Laplace of an integral and derivative. Unit step functions, Heavyside, Dirac Delta functions and their Laplace transform, Laplace transform of periodic functions.

Evaluation of inverse Laplace transforms, partial fraction method, Heavyside development, Convolution theorem. Application to solve initial and boundary value problems involving ordinary differential equations with one variable.

Matrices.

Types of matrices, adjoint of a matrix, inverse of a matrix, elementary transformations, rank of a matrix, linear dependent and independent rows and columns of a matrix over a real field, reduction to a normal form, partitioning of matrices.System of homogenous and non homogenous equations, their consistency and their solutions.

Electrical Networks

Solution of Networks with dependant sources.

Linear graphs

Introductory definitions, The incidence matrix A, the loop matrix B, relationship between sub matrix of A and B. Cutsets and cutset matrix, Fundamental cutsets and fundamental tiesets, Planar graphs, A and B matrices, Loop, node, node pair equations, duality.

Network Equations.

Time domain analysis, first and second order differential equations,initial conditions, evaluation and analysis of transient and steady state responses to step, ramp, impulse and sinusoidal input functions.

Laplace Transform.

Its applications to analysis of network for different input functions described above.

Network Functions.

Driving point and Transfer functions. Two port networks, open circuit and short circuit parameters, transmission parameters, hybrid parameters, chain parameters, interconnection of two port networks, cascade connection, series and parallel, permissibility of connection.

Representation of Network Functions.

Pole, Zeros and natural frequencies, location of poles, even and odd parts of a function, magnitude and angle of a function, the delay function, all pass and minimum phase functions. Net change in angle, Azimuth polynomials, ladder networks, constant resistance network, maximally flat response, Chebyshev response, calculation of a network function from a given angle and a real part, Bode method.

Fundamentals of Network synthesis.

Energy functions, passive reciprocal networks, the impedance function,condition on angle, positive real functions, necessary and sufficient conditions , the angle property of a positive real function, Bounded real function. Reactance functions, Realisation of reactance functions, ladder form of a network, Azimuth polynomials and reactance functions. Impedance and admittance of RC networks. Ladder network realisation, resistance inductance network.