________________________________ * * * Useful Numbers and Alphabets * *________________________________* ****Guide to Roman Numerals**** Roman numerals were designed for counting whole numbers only, like for days, weeks, months, years, people, objects, etc. But the higher up you go the more complex the number becomes to read due being a base-5 system (one hand) and there was no concept of fractional values which is why a redefined set of ten latin glyphs (ie, base-10 - two hands) were created later instead of using glyphs from the existing latin alphabet. Base Roman Numerals Units I = 1 V = 5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1 000 ten = 10^1 or deca, a hundred = 10^2 or hecto and a thousand = 10^3 or kilo Superior Roman Numerals Units _ _ _ _ _ _ V = 5 000 X = 10 000 L = 50 000 C = 100 000 D = 500 000 M = 1 000 000[1] 10 000 = 10^4 or myria and 100 000 = 10^5 1 - a million = 10^6 or mega; millione from old Italian from Latin mille meaning thousand _ MM = 1 000 000 000 = 10^9 or giga (US billion) __ MM = 1 000 000 000 000 = 10^12 or tera (billion/US trillion) Note: bi from French means twice; ie, a million^2 ___ MMM = 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^18 or exa (trillion/US quintillion) Note: tri from French means third; ie, a million^3 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^30 (quintillion/US nonillion) Note: quint from Latin quintus means fifth; ie, a million^5 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^54 (nonillion) Note: non from French nonus means ninth; ie, a million^9 Present Day Uses Years have been expressed as roman numerals for use in cinematic movies and television. 3000 = MMM 1999 = MCMXCIX 1991 = MCMXCI 1955 = MCMLV 2500 = MMD 1998 = MCMXCVIII 1990 = MCMXC 1950 = MCML 2100 = MMC 1997 = MCMXCVII 1985 = MCMLXXXV 1945 = MCMXLV 2050 = MML 1996 = MCMXCVI 1980 = MCMLXXX 1940 = MCMXL 2010 = MMX 1995 = MCMXCV 1975 = MCMLXXV 1935 = MCMXXXV 2005 = MMV 1994 = MCMXCIV 1970 = MCMLXX 1930 = MCMXXX 2001 = MMI 1993 = MCMXCIII 1965 = MCMLXV 1925 = MCMXXV 2000 = MM 1992 = MCMXCII 1960 = MCMLX 1920 = MCMXX ****Guide to the ITU Phonetic English Latin Alphabet**** Due to a large number of various english accents and dialects that have developed over time through geographic and political divisions, a phonetic alphabet was devised to clearly communicate the spelling of words, abbreviations, acronyms and call signs. It's widest use is by pilots and air traffic controllers in the aviation industry and the military. The recommended ITU British pronounciation is provided. A = Alpha = *AL* FAH G = Golf = GOLF M = Mike = MIKE B = Bravo = *BRAH* VOH H = Hotel = HOH *TELL* N = November = NO *VEM* BER C = Charlie = *C/SHAR* LEE I = India = *IN* DEE AH O = Oscar = *OSS* CAH D = Delta = *DELL* TAH J = Juliet = *JEW* LEE ETT P = Papa = PAH *PAH* E = Echo = *ECK* OH K = Kilo = *KEY* LOH Q = Quebec = KEH *BECK* F = Foxtrot = *FOKS* TROT L = Lima = *LEE* MAH R = Romeo = *ROW* ME OH S = Sierra = SEE AIR RAH W = Whiskey = *WISS* KEY T = Tango = *TANG* GO X = X-Ray = *ECKS* RAY U = Uniform = *YOU/OO* NEE FORM Y = Yankee = *YANG* KEY V = Victor = *VIK* TAH Z = Zulu = *ZOO* LOO Military Time Zones -1200 W = Yankee -0600 W = Sierra +0100 E = Alpha +0800 E = Hotel -1100 W = X-ray -0500 W = Romeo +0200 E = Bravo +0900 E = India -1000 W = Whiskey -0400 W = Quebec +0300 E = Charlie +1000 E = Kilo -1000 W = William -0300 W = Papa +0400 E = Delta +1100 E = Lima -0900 W = Victor -0200 W = Oscar +0500 E = Echo +1200 E = Mike -0800 W = Uniform -0100 W = Novmeber +0600 E = Foxtrot Local = Juliet -0700 W = Tango UTC = Zulu +0700 E = Golf Common Civilian Time Zones -1200 W = IDLW -0500 W = US EST +0200 E = EU EET +0900 E = Australian CST -1100 W = Nome ST -0400 W = Canadian AST +0300 E = Russian MSK +1000 E = Australian EST -1000 W = US AKST -0300 W = Brazil ST +0400 E = Russian ZP4 +1100 E = Solomon ST -0900 W = US HST -0200 W = Azores ST +0500 E = Russian ZP5 +1200 E = IDLE/NZST -0800 W = US PST -0100 W = W. Africa ST +0600 E = Russian ZP6 -0700 W = US MST UTC = GMT +0700 E = Vietnam ST -0600 W = US CST +0100 E = EU CET +0800 E = Australian WST