Gases

From the previous table of gases and applying the structural formula, we can deduce that the molecules of noble gases have an atom uniquely, while the other ones are bi-atomic.

The next formula is for gases, but can be used for solids puting the term atoms instead of molecules.

By the moment, to measure the ionic and covalent radii and to get a general formula that is good us for it, I will choose a middle useful value for all them (0,3 n).
Nevertheless later on I will adjust better this value and to adapt it to the different dimensions of any atom.

Examples to obtain ionic and covalent radii.

The covalent radii are very different depending on the type of molecules. Here we see a simple one.

Next, a more complicated case

Foundation: The nuclei of the gravitational systems (atoms, stars) rotate on themselves (spin) and they make to rotate and to be deformed (in spiral) to the gravitational and magnetic fields that surround them.
This makes that to be able the approaching and union of two or more atoms and to create common orbits (covalent bonds) they have to join in the polar N-S direction, because otherwise their magnetic and gravitational fields would collide producing the rejection among them.
Therefore, to come closer some atoms to other and to create the atomic connections or to build crystals, atoms must approach in the polar direction N-S or S-N.

N-S Magnetic polarity:
As we can see, the magnetic polarity N-S (magnets) is due to the result of the spin and orientation of the fields of forces (gravity and magnetic force), which can be added of rejected depending on the sense of approximation among atoms.

In the following drawing we have the way of connecting atoms to obtain the different types of covalent bonds. In the same way and N-S orientation, the ionic molecules and crystals are built.

In the drawing we see as any type of bond or crystal takes its correspondent interatomic vacuum among its atoms and molecules.
For example, in the Hexa type connection, we have to graphite or fullerene (hexa molecules) united by ionic action and they take certain interatomic vacuum among their atoms and molecules.
While diamonds (also hexa type) are great macromolecules that give less interatomic vacuum among its atoms since all they are united by bonds and not attracted by ionic action, as in graphite.
In liquid water, the interatomic vacuum produced by the repulsion due to its liquid state is compensated with the more complicated Tetra structure that take when is converted into ice (crystal).

As we can see, any diamond is a single macro-molecule, which gives it its great hardness since to break it we also have to break its atomic bonds.
(Diamonds are built by mean of hexa group of compound type (benzene type) united all them by intermolecular single bonds.

As we can see in this theory, Pi is a basic parameter in the building of atoms in such as topics as the density coefficient where Pi intervene in the relation between dimensions and mass of atoms.
In such a way, Pi should be the key to get the value of the unit of atomic mass.
This way I give the mathematical formula to obtain an approximate value for the unit of atomic mass:

This way, we can say:
Pi is the basic number to build atoms and stars and to measure the relation between their levels; between the micro and macro Cosmos.

Other parameters where Pi seems to be essential:
--The already view previously atomic density, Pi x square root of the atomic weight. 3,14 x |/ Aw.
--Lrcf. As we see in the basic formula for stars (below) the lineal ratio of equivalence between stars and atoms is 2Pi.x10E22 = 6,28 x 10E22
--The FINAL or TOTAL ratio between the masses of stars and atoms (below) is the cube for the previous value (2Pi x 10E22 )E3 = 248 X 10E66
--The relation between the unit of atomic weight and the maximum atomic weight that can support the magnetic imbalance (atomic weights of the biggest atoms) it is the cube of 2Pi. (2Pi)E3 = 248

** Strong force is gravity.

Currently physicists tell us that in atoms gravity is minimum, almost imperceptible.
Really! This seems to be a very rare conclusion.
Let us see: The sources of the cosmic gravity reside in the atomic nuclei.
--We see as in our galaxy stars, which are some from other ones to thousands of years light, they attract themselves and this attraction is due to the gravitational force of their atomic nuclei.
--We see like in the external space, the powder and galactic particles attract themselves to form stars and this attraction is due to the gravity of the atomic nuclei.
--We see as the matter of any mass, planet, stars, etc. it is cohesive strongly for the action of the gravity that is produced by the atomic nuclei.
Therefore it is not acceptable to say that, outwardly to atoms, gravity can attract and unite masses and it can attract stars to thousands of years light, but inside the atoms, on its own sources of birth, the gravity is very weak.
Do we maybe forget that gravity decreases with the square of the distance regarding to the mass that produces this gravity?
As my cosmic theory explains, gravity on the surface of an atomic nucleus is the same one than on a star. Equally, gravity on an electron is similar to the one of an equivalent planet.
Then, why it is believed that gravity in atoms is imperceptible?
Because due to the tests to measure have been taken to end in a “hostile medium” as it is inside a gravitational field of enormous dimensions, on the earth.
Inside any star, planets, etc, all and each one of the gravitational fields of their atoms unites to form a single resultant in such a way that atoms don't act for separate, but as a unique resultant.
Now then, if what we want is to measure the gravity on the atomic nuclei, we should keep in mind the relative distance parameters (dimensions) R^2 (6 x 10^22) ^2 between an atomic nucleus and a star, and the coefficient of cohesion of the atomic nuclei with relationship to stars 10^12.

Cosmic Spiral: Orbits and orbital cuts

In the following drawing I expose my formula for the cosmic spiral, in this case with geometry characteristics.

The orbits of electrons are located and built on the orbital cuts.
The orbital cuts are the distances in that the magnetic spiral is cut with its natural radio, as we see in the previous and following drawings.
In the following drawing we see as the magnetic fields (and the gravitational one) are deformed in spiral due to the rotation of the nucleus, and where the orbital cuts and the magnetic orbits are created.

The magnetic orbits attract and maintain to electrons (and planets) rotating on the same ones. (From a maximum to a minimum of width according to the circumstances of each electron. For instance, if for any cause an electron is destroyed or given, the electrons of the adjacent orbits came closer a little to this empty orbit for influencing on it also.)
This way, the magnetic potential of any atom acts by mean of the magnetic orbits, but not on the nucleus.

The orbital cuts can be orbital cuts of the magnetic fields and orbital cuts of the gravitational fields, because as much the gravitational fields as the magnetic ones are deformed in spiral when the nucleus rotates, and therefore the two types of orbital cuts take place.
--The magnetic cuts give us the position of the orbits.
--The gravitational cuts give us the beginning and termination of each gravitational layer.
Due to inside atoms the gravity fields decrease with the square of the distance and the magnetic fields doesn’t, a bigger width of the gravitational layers takes place containing more than one magnetic orbit inside them 2 N². Also duplication of layers take place as it is explained in my cosmic model.

Now then, as much the magnetic orbits with potential as the gravitational layers tend to be completed and saturated with the acquisition of the necessary orbital ones (electrons, planets).
If they are not complete (and therefore with imbalance), as much the magnetic orbits as the gravitational layers produce a rebalance force that we call polarity.
-The gravitational layers produce the gravitational polarity of saturation; the well-known valency (the electronegative o electropositive gravitational polarity).
-The not adequately saturated magnetic orbits produce the electric of electromagnetic polarity (+,-).

The stellar parameters are similar to the atomic parameters.
The main parameters that we see in the drawing are:

Sm - The star's mass.

Lcf. - Level coefficient: 4,437 x 10E12
The weight of bodies is due to the attraction that their gravitational fields make among them.
In our level, we can measure the whole weight of atoms, that is to say, our earth attracts not alone the atomic nuclei of the bodies, but also their gravitational fields.
However, in our star or sun we alone can measure the weight of its solar nucleus but not of its gravitational fields.
The level coefficient Lcf is the one that drives us to the total weight of our solar system with relations to the attraction that other stars make on our sun.
This parameter is also called dark matter, dark energy, hidden parameter, invisible matter, etc. But really it is the weight (and mutual attraction) of the gravity fields of stars.

R - It is the star's radius from the solar nucleus to its last planet, in the same way as in the atoms the atomic radius is the distance until its last electron.

Sw - It is the stellar weight.
Similar as in atoms the atomic weight Aw is the ratio between the weight of atoms and the unit of atomic mass, in stars the stellar weight Sw is the ratio between the star's mass and the unit of stellar mass Ums.

Ums - It is the unit of stellar mass.
The unit of stellar mass (similar as in atoms with their unit of atomic mass), it is the one that represents the smallest star, which would have alone a planet to its surroundings, situated to the Unit of Stellar Radius (Ur = 3,1515 x 10E12 metres).
The unit of stellar mass Ums has a value of 0,9283 x 10E29 kilograms.

Lrcf - Coefficient of lineal relation among levels.
It is the lineal ratio of distances between atoms and stars in relation to equivalent elements. The value of the Lrcf is of 2Pi x 10E22
For example.
Taking an equivalent atom to our solar system that could be a sodium atom, of radius 0,84 x 10E-10 m.
We multiply this radius of sodium 0,84 x 10E-10 by Lrcf. 2Pi x 10E22 and we have:

Mrcf - Coefficient of masses among levels.
It is the relations or ratio between the mass of any stellar element and its equivalent one in atoms.
For example,
Given our satellite or moon, with weight of 7,35 x 10E25 grams.
If we divide this quantity for the relation coefficient of masses among levels Mrcf. (5,59 x 10E55) we will have:

Cohesion of systems. -

When the gravitational systems (atoms, stars) go increasing their size, their cosmic spirals go being cohered and joining to the nucleus of the system.
In such a case when the systems are very big, the interior gravitational layers and magnetic orbits go being absorbed into the nucleus and alone last these external layers and orbits.
This way, the big systems conserve one or two external layers only and about 20 orbital ones.

The gravitational systems such as atoms and stars are constituted by two main elements:

1.- The visible matter as the central nuclei, and the orbital ones (electrons, planets) as well as of smaller multitude of particles that rotate around the nucleus (energy particles), and by the particles that rotate around the orbital ones (neutrino, satellites or moons).

2.- The non visible energy fields as the gravitational and magnetic fields.
In fact, the visible matter or mass is simply energy fields structured into gravitational systems.

Because well, the true atomic structure is supported by the gravitational and magnetic fields that surround to the central nucleus.
This energy fields (gravitational) and force fields (magnetic) are supported and adscript to the nuclear material and therefore to each atom (or sub-atom) of the same one, with which, when the nuclear matter rotates on itself also obligates to make it to the fields of force that surround it.
When these fields of force rotate around the nucleus, these fields are deformed in spiral around this nucleus, and as consequence, the orbital cuts or distances of magnetic and gravitational balance are produced.
This circumstance is due to the cosmic energy births and is developed in straight line and when by its rotation is deformed into spiral form, this energy alone it is totally balanced in the points of the spiral that are radially aligned with their supporting atoms, say, alone in the cuts points between the spiral and the natural radius of the nucleus.
To these cut points we call orbital cuts, and these distances are where the orbital ones (electrons, planets) are located in the magnetic fields, and where begin and finish the gravitational layers.

In the following drawing we see the orbital cuts or magnetic lines, as well as the orbits of electrons.

8.- It explains the cosmic structuring and the reason, birth and foundations of their main elements, such as space, time, energy, gravitation, forces magnetic, matter, atoms, etc.

Some drawing on this theory.

A test in favour of my atomic theory as for the non-existence of well-defined nuclear particles can be given by the existence or not of neutrons as the current theories bet.
If neutrons really exist inside the atomic nuclei, then atoms would not have limitation to have any quantity of neutrons and we would find this way atoms of helium with two, three, four, five….. twenty neutrons.
The only thing required it is that any atom of helium has two protons and two electrons.

But according to my theory this is not possible since the increment of mass of an atom makes also increases its magnetic fields, and when the magnetic fields increase these produce new orbits around atoms, changing and getting new type of atoms.
Therefore here, an atomic nucleus can go increasing its mass, but alone while its magnetic fields don't increase enough to create a new orbit. When these magnetic fields get potential to create a new orbit, the atom becomes the following atom of the periodic table.
As we see, here nuclear particles don't intervene, but only the influence of the nuclear mass as a single particle that is.

This is the summary of my atomic model carried out from 1975 to 1992 mainly.