Lecture notes for 3/31/99

Passive resistance:  opposition offered to a law, tax, or government by refusal
          to comply or obey or by such nonviolent acts as voluntary fasting
Nonviolent direct action:  strategy used by civil rights leaders in which
          protesters breat unjust laws openly but in a "loving" way
Examples:  Gandhi, Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Movement of the 1960's

Other protests in the 1960's
     -March on Washington took place in 1963.
     -Civil Rights Act of 1964
          -The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is established to enforce the
               provision that any employer or labor union cannot discriminate against anyone
               in employment due to race, religion, sex, etc.
          -It also authorizes the withholding of funds to companies that practices
               discrimination.
     -Civil Rights Act of 1968
          -No one can refuse to sell real estate to anyone due to race, religion, sex, etc.
          -No buyer can practice discrimination based upon race.  (ex. If a person doesn't sell you
               a certain house, you cannot force the agent to sell the house to you by
               saying that some other person, possibly of a different race, might buy
               the house.)
               -In 1974, the act was amended to include sex.
               -In 1988, the act was amended again, this time to include handicaps and
                    families with children.

Right to vote
     -24th amendment (1964):  Poll tax eliminated
     -Voting Rights Act of 1965:  eliminated restrictions on voting that have been used
          to discriminate against blacks.
          -1970, 1975, and 1982:  the act was amended
               -Each time, it tried to restrict other intents of discrimination.
               -In 1975, the act was amended to include Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans.
               -In 1982, the act was amended in the following way:  if an action result in
                    discrimination, regardless of intent, the action is considered
                    unconstitutional.

Bake vs. Regents of California (1978)
     -Bake wantecd to get into medical school.
     -However, UT Davis had a certain criterion saying that the university only allows
          16 minorities out of every 100 students in.
     -The court ruled in favor of Bake.
Richmond vs. Crosen Company (1989)
     -The company had a particulay city mandate stating that 30 percent of all land
          had to go to minorities.

The court has a criteria in which to evaluate affirmative action policies.
     -If the policy is adopted in response to past proven history of discrimination
     -The policy need to be tailored to pursue compelling government interest.
     -The policy does not bar whites or men from competing or participate.