What is the present nature and character of
the Pakistan Army and what are its attitudes towards the question
of Indo-Pak relations? Surprisingly, many former senior officials
in India, both civil and military, maintain that the Pakistan
Army, the mainstay of political power in Pakistan, is a highly
disciplined force. Further, that it would, unflinchingly,
implement any decision taken by Pakistan Armys collegiums
of Corps commanders. The prevalence of such a perception,
mistakenly, arises from applying the template of the Indian
Army to the Pakistan Army, as both were components of the
British Indian Army, built on the values of soldierly traditions,
discipline and honour. Overlooked is the fact that the Pakistan
Army has been subjected to different influences in the last
53 years that corrodes the discipline and honour of any effective
military force. Such influences need to be analyzed in greater
depth.
The Pakistan Army, in the very first decade after the creation
of Pakistan, became a politicized army. It became the power
behind the throne in Pakistani politics and soon seized political
control. It has thereafter intervened frequently to seize
political power and has imposed military rule for protracted
periods; General Ziaa regime lasted for 12 years and
General Musharraf seems to be headed for an equally long run.
The Army has thus ceased to be apolitical. Tasting political
power, it is subjected to the same corrosive influences of
corruption, influence peddling and political patronage as
the politicians.
The officer-cadre, and especially the Pakistani generals,
are divided between themselves. There is politicization manifested
in continuance of Punjabi predominance at the expense of the
others, Mohajirs versus non-Mohajirs, and preferences for
particular political parties or politicians. Pakistan Army
has also exploited Islamic fundamentalists as political allies.
Under these circumstances, tt would be naïve to assume
that politicization of the Army would remain confined to the
generals and not permeate down the ranks.
Today, the Pakistan Army is rapidly moving towards Islamic
fundamentalism at all levels; this was a natural phenomenon
in Pakistan because of socio-economic causes. The large masses
of the urban and rural poor, with no avenues for economic
advancement have been drawn to the fundamentalist organizations
that are financed by the oil-Sheiks of the Gulf countries.
The soldiery of the Pakistan Army is drawn from the rural
and urban masses. It would be inescapable for the soldiery
not to be infected with the Islamic fundamentalist virus propagated
by the thousands of madrassas in Pakistan.
Turing General Zias regime, the composition of the Pakistan
Army cadre was changed at the expense of the urbanized, western
looking middle class and upper class elite. Preference in
officers commissions was given to the emerging rural
educated generation which had strong leanings towards conservative
Islam. This large body of Islamist officers, commissioned
during Ziaa regime, comprise the backbone of the Pak
Army middle cadre officers of the rank of Majors and
Colonels; they would soon be moving into the higher echelons.
The Pak military hierarchy today is seriously divided into
two groups, namely the Islamic fundamentalist generals and
the relatively more liberal ones. The former pre-dominate
and it was they who brought General Musharraf to power. Why
did the Pakistan Army not go in for a military coup when General
Karamat was removed by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif? Pakistan
Armys present leaders have obviously forced Gen Musharraf
to give in to the demands of Islamic fundamentalists on many
issues.
The Pakistan Army was forced into an identity crisis soon
after the formation of Pakistan and the constitutional amendment
made by Bhutto to turn Pakistan into an Islamic state. The
Islamic identity that Pakistan acquired solved the Pakistan
Armys identity crisis. It decided that an Islamic state
must have an Islamic Army. British traditions, apolitical
character and discipline soon began fading away. Visiting
former Generals of Pakistan Army have conceded to this.
In the overall analysis, the Pakistani Army presents the following
profile:
- Pakistan Army is a highly politicized military
force, both within and without
- Pakistan Army is a Islamic fundamentalist
military force
- These two major influences are likely to
corrode its professionalism and more significantly its discipline
The United States, patron-in-chief
of their so-called strategic ally of long-standing,
needs to note that a politically adventurist army is also
a militarily adventurist one, especially when it controls
nuclear weapons. Pakistan Army in the service of pan-Islamic
causes could become the biggest strategic liability for
the United States.
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